FRANCE. 



military tax of 6 francs. The men of the active 

 army or its reserve are drawn from and distrib- 

 uted over the whole country, while the territorial 

 army or its reserve is confined to fixed localities. 

 For the purpose of military organization 

 France is divided into 18 regions, each region 

 embracing 8 subdivisions. Each region is occu- 

 pied by 1 army corps. The following table shows 

 the strength and distribution of the army, in- 

 cluding officers and men, in 1893 : 



The officers of the army corps number 20,655. 

 Deducting vacancies, sick, and absent, the total 

 effective for 1893 is 489,771 for the active army, 

 and 25,604 for the gendarmerie and Garde Re- 

 publicaine. The territorial army numbers 37,- 

 000 officers and 579,000 men. The total war 

 strength of the republic is about 2,500,000 men, 

 including only the active army and the various 

 reserves. A general levy would put some 3,750,- 

 000 drilled men into the field. 



(For information concerning the French navy, 

 see the " Annual Cyclopaedia '' for 1892, page 282.) 



Finances. The budget for 1893 estimates the 

 total revenue at 3,348,158,622 francs. Deduct- 

 ing from this sum 64,289,854 francs, represent- 

 ing receipts d'ordre, and 48,855,020 francs, being 

 the revenues from Algeria, the total ordinary rev- 

 enue amounts to 3,235,013,748 francs. Of the 

 total ordinary revenue, 118,522,206 francs are de- 

 rived from the land tax, 77,565,248 francs from 

 the building tax, 87,500,937 francs from the per- 

 sonal-property tax, 56,797,110 francs from the 

 tax on doors and windows, 121,804,802 francs 

 from trade licenses, 1,055,500 francs from the tax 

 on notices, and 31,568,660 francs from the tax on 

 carriages, horses, and other special taxes, making 

 the total direct taxes 494,814,463 francs. Re- 

 ceipts from registration fees amount to 540,276,- 

 500 francs, stamps to 163,437,500 francs, customs 

 to 491,536,000 francs, sugar duty to 195,983,400 

 francs, a 4-per-cent. tax on movables to 70,393,- 

 000 francs, and other indirect taxes to 582,250.- 

 100 francs, the total amount received from indi- 

 rect taxes is therefore 2,043,876,500 francs. State 

 monopolies are estimated to yield 615,619.050 

 francs ; domains and forests, 45,883,300 francs ; 

 and various other revenues, 34,820,435 francs. 



The rectified budget estimates for 1892 made 

 the total ordinary revenue 3,177,741,344 francs, 

 and the grand total 3,291,882,688 francs. The 

 land tax for 1892 was estimated at 118,508,647 

 francs ; building tax, 79.452,795 francs ; personal- 



property tax, 86,371,490 francs ; tax on doors and 

 windows, 56,153,762 francs; trade licenses, 120,- 

 775,120 francs ; tax on notices, 1,054,350 francs ; 

 tax on carriages, horses, and other special taxes, 

 30,768,600 francs; registration fees, 537,131,925 

 francs ; stamps, 168,670,300 francs ; customs, 

 450,141,700 francs; sugar tax, 181,000,000 francs; 

 tax of 4 per cent, on movables, 67,733,300 francs; 

 other indirect taxes, 587,072,600 francs ; state 

 monopolies, 610,013,100 francs; domains and for- 

 ests, 47,527,160 francs ; various other revenues, 

 35,366.495 francs. 



The expenditures for 1893 are estimated at 

 3,347,691,488 francs, including 64,948,129 francs 

 for Algeria. Of the total ordinary expenditure, 

 amounting to 3,282,743.359 francs, 1,298,146,159 

 francs are for the public debt, 13,235,520 francs 

 for the President, the Senate, and the Chamber, 

 34,819,500 francs for the Ministry of Justice, 

 43,736,057 francs for the Ministry of Worship, 

 15,564,800 francs for the Ministry of Foreign 

 Affairs, 65,236,824 francs for the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 19,534,220 francs for the Ministry of 

 Finance, 585,018,698 francs for the ordinary and 

 60,138,000 francs for the extraordinary expendi- 

 ture of the Ministry of War, 224,395,000 francs 

 for the Ministry of Marine, 72,624.747 francs for 

 the Ministry of the Colonies, 183,829,965 francs 

 for the Ministry of Public Instruction, 8,090,055 

 francs for the Ministry of Fine Arts, 20,343,010 

 francs for the Ministry of Commerce, Posts, and 

 Telegraphs, 29,202,130 francs for the Ministry 

 of Agriculture, 78,847,924 francs for the ordi- 

 nary and 136,628,650 francs for the extraordinary 

 expenditure of the Ministry of Public Works, 

 349,779,500 francs for the Regie and for expenses 

 of collecting taxes, etc., and 43,542,600 francs 

 for repayments. 



The rectified estimates for 1892 place the total 

 ordinary expenditure at 3,217,825,525 francs, of 

 which 1,284,191,374 francs are for the public 

 debt, 13,094,440 francs for the President, the 

 Senate, and the Chamber, 37,505,816 francs for 

 justice, 44,057,157 francs for religion, 15,078,800 

 francs for foreign affairs, 69,634,702 francs for 

 the interior, 19,967,490 francs for finance, 585,- 

 118,197 francs for ordinary and 85,402,500 francs 

 for extraordinary expenses of the Ministry of 

 "War, 212,903,414 francs for marine purposes, 

 55,125,467 francs for the colonies, 178,512,914 

 francs for public instruction, 8,140,955 francs 

 for fine arts, 19,599,636 francs for commerce, 

 industry, posts, and telegraphs, 36,072,650 francs 

 for agriculture, 86,478,000 francs for ordinary 

 and 110,647,000 francs for extraordinary ex- 

 penses of the Ministry of Public Works, 183,- 

 154,944 francs for the collection of taxes, and 

 13,025,700 francs for repayments. 



The interest on the public debt in 1893 was 

 1,298,146,159 francs, consisting of 456,127,962 

 francs of 3-per-cent. perpetual rente, 305,540,276 

 francs of 4$-per-cent. rente, 314,201,954 francs 

 of terminable annuities, and 222,275,967 francs 

 of pensions and other life interests. The capital- 

 ized value of the consolidated debt is calculated 

 at 21,251,700,000 francs, that of amortizable rentes 

 at 7,185,700,000 francs, the floating debt on Jan. 

 1, 1887, at 998,600,000 francs, the guaranteed 

 debt at 1,765,821,000 francs, and the debts due 

 the Banque de France at 444,000,000 francs, 

 making a f rand total of 31,645.821,000 francs. 



