FRANCE. 



325 



I lospital where Nugor's corpse lay. The students 

 came in u body with banners ami funeral wreaths. 

 The mounted Republican guards, who were 

 cheered, maintained order when- the police, were 

 powerless. When they were hissed the police 

 entered I lie hospital and arrested some of the. 

 doctors. This caused a tumult and a serious 

 collision, in which \2 persons were hurt badly 

 and taken into the hospital. After the place 

 was cleared a large crowd proceeded to tho Place 

 St. (icrmaiii des I 'res. The police attempted to 

 disperse them, and after several ineffectual 

 charges the cavalry rode at the crowd, pressing 

 the people back or driving them to the side- 

 walks. The mounted guards charged repeated- 

 ly, and the demonstrators, many of whom were 

 trampled, finding that they had no chance, 

 stopped the street cars, omnibuses, cabs, and 

 carriages that were passing along the boulevard, 

 and, after the passengers had descended, over- 

 turned them to build a barricade across the 

 boulevard, by which the horsemen were checked 

 completely. A similar conflict took place later 

 at the corner of the Rue de Buci and the Rue 

 de Seine, and there also vehicles were used by 

 the rioters to make a barricade. When the mu- 

 nicipal guards gained possession of the Boule- 

 vard St. Michel and other streets of the Latin 

 Quarter the lamp posts were lying on the ground, 

 the kiosks burned, many of the shops, which re- 

 mained closed, were damaged. A mob erected 

 barricades in the Luxembourg Gardens, and after 

 they were removed by infantry and the boule- 

 vard cleared by a charge of cavalry, they re- 

 turned and built one still stronger of seats and 

 the timber of kiosks, started bonfires to scare 

 the horses, and held the passage for some time 

 against the soldiers. During the day the rioters 

 threw up barricades of street cars, omnibuses, 

 and paving stones in the Rue St. Michel and 

 other streets, and held the whole district between 

 the Rue St. Germain, the Rue de Seine, and the 

 river, which presented the appearance of a city 

 taken by storm. In attempting to rush across 

 the bridge to the Boulevard du Palais they were 

 met and driven back by cavalry, and many stu- 

 dents and others were trampled, and many horse- 

 men hit by flying stones. Gen. Saussier, the 

 military governor, strengthened the garrison with 

 several regiments drawn from the provinces, 

 and prepared to send out the troops, if neces- 

 sary, but he was reluctant, because the soldiers 

 or the officers could not be trusted to fight the 

 people. M. de Freycinet, in his efforts to secure 

 a homogeneous army, had given Republican offi- 

 cers to regiments recruited from the Royalist 

 departments, and placed aristocratic officers over 

 Democratic regiments. There were several in- 

 stances of insubordination on the part of officers 

 who were ordered to attack the rioters. The 

 military drove away the people who had con- 

 gregated about the Labor Exchange. Thework- 

 ingmeii, several thousand strong, had planned 

 to stay in the building all night, to prevent the 

 (iovernment from closing it, but it was occupied 

 by soldiers. There was a sanguinary encounter 

 in the Rue des Ecoles, where the Republican 

 Guard charged on the mob with drawn swords 

 and the police opened fire with revolvers. Sev- 

 eral conflicts occurred in the neighborhood of 

 the markets between the police and men out of 



work. During the day several policemen were 



thrown into the river and drowned. 



In the ( 'dumber the Radicals promised to din- 

 cii.--. the riots, and when the I'rime Minister re- 

 fused to allow debate or answer quest ions until 

 the dibturliances were completely suppressed, a 

 wild uproar followed. Finally' the Chaml.cr 

 agreed to post | Mine discussion for three dav~ by 

 :es to i:}:{. The riots had nearly run th.-ir 

 course before the morning of .July 5, and the 

 more energetic and < let ermined method pursued 

 by the police checked all attempts to renew 

 them. The street cars and omniiuisc* were not 

 allowed to run, and the caffs were closed. An 

 attempt to barricade the Rue Cujas was frus- 

 trated. There was a fight in the Rue des Ecoles, 

 but no students were engaged in it, for they had 

 publicly repudiated any further alliance" with 

 the disorderly element. In the evening there was 

 fighting in the St. Michel Quarter and in the 

 neighborhood of tho Labor Exchange, and the 

 demonstrators were getting the best of it, when 

 the military came to the rescue of the police. 

 On July 6 the Government closed the Labor Ex- 

 change. There was no more rioting. 



The Government was charged in the Chamber 

 with fomenting civil war, and the impeachment 

 of the Prime Minister was called for. The 

 whole Right voted with the Moderates to up- 

 hold the Government by a vote of confidence. 

 The Radicals then brought up the question of 

 religious congregations, and, after the ministry 

 had obtained another crushing vote of confi- 

 dence, demanded that they should be allowed to 

 interpellate the Government on the legal posi- 

 tion of religious bodies, carrying with them a 

 large part of the Republicans. M. IVytral in- 

 terpreted the small majority of 26 as an indica- 

 tion that the ministers had lost the confidence 

 of the Republicans, and handed in his resigna- 

 tion lest he should lie accounted a " prisoner of 

 the Right." He was induced to remain, but 

 only on condition that M. Loze, who had been 

 prefect for seven years, should be retired. On 

 July 11 Louis Lepine was appointed prefect of 

 police. M. Loze in November was appointed 

 ambassador to Austria-Hungary, succeeding M. 

 Decrais, who was transferred to London to fill 

 the place made vacant by the retirement of M. 

 Waddington. 



General Election. In the electoral cam- 

 paign M. Dupuy upheld the policy of Republican 

 concentration, the kind of opportunism that has 

 prevailed since the defeat of the reactionary 

 coup (Tttat in 1875, whereby Moderates govern 

 by means of concessions to the Radicals. The 

 programme of the Prime Minister embraced 

 labor legislation which would temper with hu- 

 manity the harshness of economic laws, fiscal re- 

 forms proportioning the burdens of taxpayers 

 to their means, and a law on association to regu- 

 late the relations of civil and religious society in 

 a spirit of tolerance. Ex-Premier Goblet took 

 the lead of a Socialist-Radical party designed to 

 supplant the Opportunists and carry out the 

 principles of legislation on which Radicals and 

 Socialists agree, such as a progressive income 

 tax. a new body of labor laws, including the 

 eight-hour working day and a superannuation 

 fund, decentralization of authority, purchase of 

 railroads by the state, liberty of association with 



