338 GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS. 



GEORGIA. 



windings. On one side the landscape is a deso- 

 late volcanic region, but in places are parklike 

 stretches where the valley widens out, and other 

 trees besides the monotonous doom palm come 

 into view. In one place it flows between high 

 perpendicular walls of basalt, and forms two 

 falls from 12 to 15 metres in height. These were 

 named Chanler Falls. Farther down it passes 

 along the foot of a remarkable plateau, 120 to 

 150 metres in height. This is flat, like a table, 

 and falls away steeply on all sides. At points 

 around it are bastionlike rocks, and the whole 

 plateau has the appearance of a fortress. It is 

 volcanic, and is called by the natives Mariss el 

 Logworarabo. Remains of old kraals of the Wa- 

 Ndorobbo were found in this deserted region. 



Retracing the march up the Guasso-Njiro, 

 the travelers took a return route farther west in 

 order to visit the country of the Wa-Msaara, who 

 were found very unfriendly, unlike the Wa-Embe, 

 who had furnished guides to the lower river. 

 The Djambeni mountains were here seen to be 

 a chain of volcanic origin, running south-south- 

 west and north-northeast, and outlying Mount 

 Kenia toward the northeast, much as the Djulu 

 chain is situated with regard to Mount Kili- 

 manjaro. Numerous craters are found at the 

 northeastern foot of Kenia. The ridge connecting 

 it with the Djambeni is the water divide between 

 the valleys of the Tana and the Guasso-Njiro. 



The Msaara were hostile, refusing to provide 

 supplies, and the attempt of Chanler's men to 

 take some sheep and cattle led to a sharp en- 

 counter, in which the expedition lost 3 men, 

 while several others were wounded. The main 

 object of the expedition thereafter was to reach 

 the country of the Borana-Galla. 



Later advices are to the effect that Lieut, 

 v. Hohnel was dangerously wounded by a rhi- 

 noceros Aug. 22, at Seja, at the southern end of 

 the Boroghi range, about 180 kilometres north 

 of Mount Kenia, and was obliged to give up the 

 rest of the intended journey, and go to a mission 

 station for treatment. 



The report of the journey of Joseph Thomson in 

 1890-'91 appeared this year, having been delayed 

 by his illness. Its most important point is that 

 regarding Lake Bangweolo. He confirms the 

 supposition that the southern part of the basin 

 can not be regarded as lake proper, but that in 

 the rainy season it is a great swamp region, 

 called " Lunda," covered in places with water. 

 Mr. Thomson could not visit the point where 

 Livingstone died, in 1873, but determined its 

 location by the aid of his interpreter. 



The rapid development of Mashonaland is one 

 of the most remarkable of recent geographical 

 changes. While it had been visited six years 

 ago by not more than 2 or 3 white men, it has 

 at present more than 3,000 white settlers, at- 

 tracted by the gold fields. A railroad in process 

 of construction will connect it with the coast at 

 the mouth of the Pungwe river, where there is a 

 fine harbor. This is about 115 miles below the 

 Zambesi delta. The harbor is about 2 miles 

 wide and 6 miles long, and on its northern 

 shore has arisen the town of Beira, where 500 

 Europeans, half of them British, are now living. 

 Probably no white man six years ago had ever 

 seen the barren promontory of sand now occu- 

 pied by this town. Salisbury stands 5,000 feet 



above the sea level, on a kopje rising from a 

 large plain. Its neighborhood has been drained 

 by the South Africa Company. Other towns 

 are Victoria and Umbali. The country contains, 

 according to Mr. Bent, about 40,000 square miles 

 suitable for colonization, as having an improv- 

 ing climate, and as producing, even under native 

 cultivation, excellent rice, tobacco, tomatoes, 

 sweet potatoes, chillies, and groundnuts. But 

 it is on its gold mines that the future of Ma- 

 shonaland depends. 



(JEORtrlA, a Southern State, one of the origi- 

 nal thirteen, ratified the Constitution Jan. 2, 

 1788 ; area, 59,475 square miles. The population 

 in 1890 was 1,837,353, of whom 858,996 were col- 

 ored. Capital, Atlanta. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers during the year : Governor, William J. 

 Northen, Democrat; Secretary of State, Philip 

 Cook ; Comptroller-General, William A. Wright ; 

 Treasurer, Robert U. Hardeman ; Attorney-Gen- 

 eral, Joseph M. Terrell ; Commissioner of Agri- 

 culture, Robert T. Nesbitt ; State School Com- 

 missioner, S. D. Bradwell ; Railroad Commis- 

 sioners, Allen Fort, L. N. Trammell, and Virgil 

 Powers; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 

 Logan E. Bleckley ; Associate Justices, Thomas 

 J. Simmons and Samuel Lumpkin. 



Finances. The Comptroller's report for the 

 year ending Sept. 30, 1893, shows the condition 

 of the treasury to be as follows : Balance, Oct. 

 1, 1892, $748,051.63 ; receipts from Oct. 1, 1892, 

 to Sept, 30, 1893, $2,855,974.24 ; amount, $3,604,- 

 025.87; total payments by Treasurer, $2,464.- 

 188.42; balance in treasury Oct. 1, 1893, $1,139,- 

 837.45. Of the receipts, $1,926,863.20 was from 

 the general tax for 1892, and $82,417.21 from 

 that of 1891. The insurance tax for the year 

 amounted to $48,772.62, and the liquor tax to 

 $112,053.84. The railroad tax was $143,547.29, 

 and the rental from the Western and Atlantic 

 Railroad, $385,011. For convict hire in 1892 the 

 State received $25,000. 



Among the larger items of disbursements were : 

 On account of the civil establishment, $119,383.- 

 86 ; of the fund for maimed soldiers, $185,000 ; 

 of the lunatic asylum, $197,500.02 : of the pub- 

 lic debt, $280,230; of the school fund, $952.- 

 199.08 ; of colored schools, $6.000 : of widows' 

 pensions, $243,600: of special appropriations, 

 $195,488.80. 



The total amount of valid interest-bearing 

 bonds of the State is $8,149,500, and the total 

 interest to be paid on them 'in 1894 is $368,835. 



The school fund amounts to $1,063,657.81. Of 

 this, $600,000 comes from direct assessment, and 

 the remainder is made up from half the rental of 

 the Western and Atlantic Railroad, the tax on 

 liquor dealers, the net hire of convicts, the fees 

 for inspection of oils, the lease of oyster lands, 

 and other sources. 



The assessed value of the whole property of 

 the State subject to taxation amounted in 1893 

 to $452,644,907, of which $42,000.154 was of the 

 taxable property of railroads. The property of 

 railroads that is exempt by their charters from 

 ad valorem taxation, and is therefoA not in- 

 cluded in the statement above, is estimated at 

 $20.000.000. Of the valuations of real estate, 

 $122,540,587 is of city and town property, and 

 $131,214,047 of agricultural lands. The property 



