GOLF. 



GOUNOD, CHARLES FRANCOIS. 355 



The essential equipment for playing is a set of 

 gutta-percha halls, 13 inches in diameter, painted 

 white so as to be visible on broken ground, a 

 set of " dubs," and 11 number of small red Hags 

 attached to wires, these last to be set in the 

 ground to mark the positions of balls, or other 

 points in play not visible from a distance. A >( 

 of clubs may mean from three to a do/en. 

 They are carefully made with hickory or lance- 

 wood handles about 4 feet long, and bound 

 with leather at the grip. They are usually 

 finished with a piece of iron or steel, the shape 

 of which is variously adapted to some particular 

 kind of piny. By a singular confusion of terms 

 this tip, which is at the lower end of the club, is 

 termed the " head " ; its outer end is called the 

 " toe," and its inner end the " heel." 



The four clubs most in use are the common or 

 "play" club, used where the ground is fairly 

 smooth, and the ball lies open to a fair stroke ; 

 the " spoon," used when the ball is in some depres- 

 sion and can not readily be reached ; the " iron," 

 when the ball is in sand or gravel ; and the 

 " putter," when it is near a hole. From these 

 types spring the almost endless variety of scien- 

 tific clubs used by devotees of the game, many 

 of whom have their own special models. 



A game is opened by playing off from the 

 " teeing " ground, a " tee " being a small heap of 

 earth scraped together, upon which the ball is 

 placed so as to afford opportunity for a fair first 

 stroke. Each side has its own ball, and it is 

 decided by lot which shall lead, or " play off." 

 The ball is driven a longer or shorter distance, 

 according to the policy of the player. If not 

 visible from the "'teeing" ground when it stops, 

 it is flagged, so that the opposite side may know 

 where it lies. Then the other side plays. If the 

 second ball stops short of the first, it must be 

 driven again, and if still short, yet again, until 

 it is nearer the first hole than is the opposing 

 ball. The player who leads scores one at the 

 first stroke. The one that follows, if he comes 

 short, scores at his second stroke "two more"; 

 at his third stroke, if still short, " three more " : 

 and so on. When at last he gets nearer the hole 

 than his opponent it again becomes the first 

 player's turn, and his score becomes "one off 

 throe," " two off three," and so on. This method 

 of scoring keeps itself with little danger of los- 

 ing count through inattention, 



A " hazard " is any natural obstacle, such as 

 grass, water, whin, molehill, or other bad ground. 

 Strict rules are laid down in regard to them. A 

 ball must not be moved from the point where it 

 stops unless by common consent it is conceded 

 to be unhittable ; then it may be picked up by 

 the player, held at the back of the head, and 

 dropped to a new "lie." 



Where golf is played with nn elaborate out- 

 fit a *'caddie" is needed to carry the large as- 

 sortment of clubs, but he may be dispensed with 

 if the players are content with the really neces- 

 sary implements. It will naturally occur to any 

 American country boy that he can play golf 

 auite satisfactorily on land or on ice with an or- 

 dinary hockey stick and a rubber ball. He may 

 not be treated with great consideration by such 

 golf players as own full sets of clubs and employ 

 caddies to carry them, hut he can probably have 

 quite as much fun with his comparatively rude 



appliances. There is every reason why the jritrm- 

 ill its simpler form should become |..j,'ularin this 

 country. It affords a free range and an almovt 

 infinite variety of incident, and enables the play- 

 ers to pair off in a most satisfactory manner. 

 Every rural neighborhood has its pastures and 

 other open tracts where permission to play can 

 be procured without difficulty, and where then- 

 is any danger to passengers or live stock the 

 holes need not be so large and deep as the regu- 

 lations require. 



GOUNOD, CHARLES FRANCOIS, a French 

 composer of music, born in Paris, June 17, 1818; 

 died at St. Cloud, near Paris. Oct. 18. 1893. II is 

 father, a painter, died when the boy was but 

 five years old, and his mother, a musician, edu- 

 cated him. She chose the law for his profession, 

 but when he reached the age of eighteen years, 

 and while he was still pursuing his classical 

 studies, she consented to his request that he 



CHARLES FRANCOIS GOUNOD. 



take up music. He had learned to play upon 

 the pianoforte under her guidance, and had 

 studied harmony with Reicha, so that he was 

 well equipped for his special course of study 

 when he entered the National Conservatory in 

 1836. He joined the classes of Halevy, Lesueur, 

 and Paer, and a year after matriculation carried 

 off a second prize in composition and won exemp- 

 tion from military service. In 1839 he was suc- 

 cessful in the competition for the Grand Prix of 

 the Institute of France, which carried with it 

 a two years' residence in Rome as pensioner of 

 the Institute and one year of travel in (n-rmany. 

 He had a strong leaning toward the priesthood, 

 and the teacher to whom he owed most, Le- 

 sueur, was chiefly distinguished as a church mu- 

 sician. It was therefore not surprising that 

 though, as he said about a year before his death. 

 he was an ardent admirer of Mo/art V I ' n 

 (Jiovanni" and Beethoven's symphonies, and 

 knew them by heart his years in Rome were 

 principally occupied with "ecclesiastical music. 

 Moreover, his last months in Rome were spent 



