366 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



cials, and 8 unofficial representatives of the dif- 

 ferent races and classes. Sir Arthur Elibank 

 Haveiock is the present Governor. The revenue 

 for 1891 was 17,962,710 rupees, of which 4,137,- 

 542 were derived from customs, 1,178,738 from 

 land and the tithe on grain, 1,966,173 from liquor 

 licenses, 1,258,434 from stamps, 1,328,619 from 

 the sale of Government timber and salt, and 

 732,030 from harbor dues. The expenditure 

 was 16,435,079 rupees, of which 2,964,308 were 

 for the civil and judiciary establishments, 1,932,- 

 894 for other establishments, 1,195,182 for con- 

 tribution toward military expenditure, including 

 the cost of volunteer force, 681.577 for pensions 

 and retiring allowances, 1,720,408 for interest on 

 loans, etc.. and 2,378,889 for public works, in- 

 cluding 346,623 rupees for irrigation. At the 

 end of 1891 the public debt amounted to 2,- 

 510,759. The debt was incurred for public 

 works, including 191 miles of railway. The 

 harbor of Trincomalee, on the east coast of the 

 island, is the chief station of the British fleet in 

 Indian waters. The area of land under cultiva- 

 tion is 2,625,016 acres. The principal crops are 

 rice and other grains, which in 1891 occupied 

 685,839 acres ; cocoanuts, which occupied 759,- 

 605 acres; and tea, which occupied 261.179 

 acres. There were also 55,924 acres under cof- 

 fee. 12,127 under cinchona, 40,447 under cinna- 

 mon, 9,082 under tobacco, and 19,471 under 

 cacao. Disease has reduced the production of 

 coffee. The value of the imports in 1891 was 

 66,635.392 rupees, against 63,091.938 in 1890; 

 and of the exports, 58,799,744 rupees, against 

 51,127,339. The principal articles Imported were 

 cotton goods, salt fish, rice and paddy, coal and 

 co*ke, spirits and wines. The values of the princi- 

 pal exports were : Tea, 30,473,267 rupees ; coffee, 

 5,731,467 rupees ; plumbago, 4,005,401 rupees ; 

 cocoanuts, etc., 8,177,123 rupees ; areca nuts, 

 907,193 rupees ; and cinchona, 669,656 rupees. 



The Straits Settlements, a Crown colony, com- 

 prise Singapore, an island at the southern ex- 

 tremity of the Malay Peninsula, with an area of 

 206 square miles ; Penang, an island off the 

 west coast of the Malay Peninsula, area 107 

 square miles ; Province Wellesley, a strip on the 

 mainland, area 270 square miles ; the small is- 

 land of Pangkor, with a small strip of territory 

 on the opposite mainland, the whole being 

 known as the Dindings ; Malacca, another 

 peninsular strip ; and the Cocos Islands and 

 Christmas Island. The total number of inhabit- 

 ants in 1891 was 506,577, of which Singapore 

 had 182,650 ; Penang. Province Wellesley, and 

 the Dindings, 232.977; and Malacca, 90,950. 

 The trade is carried on principally by the Chi- 

 nese, who outnumber the Malays. In the admin- 

 istration of the Government, the Governor is 

 aided by an Executive Council and by a Legis- 

 lative Council of 10 official members and 7 un- 

 official members. The present Governor is Sir 

 Charles B. H. Mitchell, late Governor of Natal, 

 appointed in June, 1893. There are 5 native 

 states, occupying a large portion of the penin- 

 sula, which are under British protection, and 

 whose political residents are under the direct con- 

 trol of the Governor of the Straits Settlements. 



The territory of British North Borneo, ad- 

 ministered by the British North Borneo Com- 

 pany, was taken under the protection of Great 



Britain in 1888. It has an area of 31,106 square 

 miles, and the population in 1891 was about 

 175,000, mostly Mohammedan settlers on the 

 coast and aboriginal tribes inland. Charles 

 Vandeleur Creigh is the Governor, and Richard 

 B. Martin Chairman of the Court of Directors in 

 London. The exports are mostly tobacco, jungle 

 and sea products, wax, edible birds'-nests, cocoa- 

 nuts, gutta-percha, sago, and seed pearls. There 

 are 17 estates engaged in tobacco-growing. Coal 

 and gold have been found. Brunei and Sarawak 

 are adjacent territories on the island of Bor- 

 neo under British protection. Brunei has an 

 area of about 3,000 square miles, and is ruled 

 by a native sultan. Sarawak has an area of 

 about 45,000 square miles and a population of 

 about 300,000. The ruler is Sir Charles John- 

 ston Brooke, who in 1868 succeeded his uncle, 

 Sir James Brooke, as Rajah. The products of 

 both these territories are similar to those of 

 North Borneo. 



The island of Hong-Kong, now a Crown 

 colony, was ceded to Great Britain by China in 

 1841. It is the center for British commerce with 

 China and Japan and a military and naval sta- 

 tion of great importance. It is situated off the 

 southeast coast of China, at the mouth of the 

 Canton river, and has an area of about 29 square 

 miles. The opposite peninsula of Kowloon be- 

 longs also to Great Britain. The population of 

 Hong-Kong in 1891 was 221,441, of which 212,- 

 896 were colored ; the males outnumbered the 

 females more than 2 to 1. The Governor is Sir 

 William Robinson, appointed in 1891. The im- 

 ports from Great Britain in 1891, consisting 

 principally of cottons, woolens, iron, lead, and 

 copper, amounted to 2,531,328 ; and the exports, 

 consisting largely of tea, silk, and hemp, 

 amounted to 1,101,702. There is no custom- 

 house at Hong-Kong from which official data 

 can be obtained, but the above figures are be- 

 lieved to represent about half of the entire trade. 

 The number of vessels entered in 1891 was 4.351, 

 of 5,138,627 tons ; and there were besides these 

 22,806 junks, of 160,645 tons. 



The Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, 

 are used mainly as a convict settlement for In- 

 dia. The area of these islands is estimated at 

 1,760 square miles, and the inhabitants are a race 

 of degenerate savages, variously estimated at from 

 2,000 to 10,000. The convict population in 1891 

 was 11,738, of whom 3,049 were self-supporting. 



The island of Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean, 

 has an area of 705 square miles, and had in 1891 

 a population of 371,655, over two thirds being 

 Hindus. The colony is administered by a Gov- 

 ernor. The Council of Government consists of 

 the Governor and 27 members, 10 of whom are 

 elected, 9 appointed by the Governor and 8 

 official. Sir Charles Cameron Lees has been 

 Governor since 1889. The revenue in 1891 was 

 7,595,651 rupees, and the expenditure 8,192,265 

 rupees. The debt was 777.749. The imports 

 in 1891 amountedto 16,433,183 rupees, and the ex- 

 ports to 23,705,288 rupees. They were as follow : 

 Unrefined sugar, 21,119.674 rupees; aloe fiber, 

 453,530 rupees: rum, 389.926 rupees; vanilla, 

 211,314 rupees ; cocoanut oil, 180.588 rupees. A 

 large part of the trade is with British India, South 

 Africa, and Australia. There are 2 lines of rail- 

 road, having, with their branches, a total length of 



