HAWAII. 



870 



them, and planted artillery, but could not use 

 tli.' -mis effectively, ami were IKI match for Un- 

 trained while militia, who without the 1 

 man raptured the buildings and drove out the 

 defenders, killing 7 and wounding 12. Kala- 

 kaua died in IS'.M. and was succeeded by Queen 

 Ldliuokalani, born Sept. :j, IN::S. married to John 

 0, Dominis, an American, who was (Governor of 

 Oahn and died Aug. 27, 1891. Her heiress pre- 

 sumptive w;is I'rincos Kaiulani, \wm Oct. 16, 

 1875, the daughter of the Queen's deceased 

 voun-er siMer and A. S. Cleghorn, a Scotchman, 

 who was Governor of Oalm after the death of 

 Dominis, and collector of customs at Honolulu. 

 Commerce and Production. Of the total 

 capital invested in productive enterprises in the 

 Hawaiian Islands three fourths is owned by 

 Americans living either on the islands or in the 

 United States, while the native Hawaiians own 

 less than 1 per cent, of the real and personal 

 property of the country. The capital invested 

 in business interests of all kinds, as returned for 

 purposes of taxation, is divided as follows : 

 American, $24,541,000 : British, $6,741,000 ; Jap- 

 anese, $2,933,500; German, $2.574,800; Portu- 

 fuese. $2,331,600: Chinese native, and other, 

 14,653,600. The sugar industry preponderates 

 greatly over all the other business activities of 

 Hawaii, and the only others of commercial im- 

 portance are the cultivation of rice and the r&\s- 

 ing of bananas for export. The capital valua- 

 tion of the sugar plantations and mills exceeds 

 37,000,000, of which Americans own about 77 

 per cent.. British subjects 16 per cent., Germans 

 5 per cent, and natives and others less than 2 

 per cent. The sugar and rice industries were 

 started and built up under the reciprocity treaty 

 of 1875, which gave growers an additional profit 

 on sugar exported to the United States equal to 

 the duty of 2 cents a pound. This advantage 

 ceased when the McKinley tariff went into ef- 

 fect, which reduced the gains of the Hawaiian 

 planters by $5,000,000 a year ; but still they were 

 able to derive a good profit from the better situ- 

 ated and equipped estates, which in fertility, 

 improved machinery, cheapness of labor, general 

 management, and access to market are not sur- 

 passed by those of any country. A yield of 7 

 tons to the acre is common. Under the contract- 

 labor system Chinese and Japanese laborers 

 have earned $10 or $15 a month and kept them- 

 selves. The fruit industry, which sprang up 

 under the former tariff, received a heavier blow 

 when the McKinley bill imposed a duty of 30 

 per cent. Rice is grown mostly by Chinese on 

 land for which they pay a rent of $20 to $35 a 

 year. Coffee culture has not been successful, 

 plants having been attacked by the blight. The 

 average value of the domestic exports before 

 1876 was $1,500,000 a year. In 1889 their value 

 was $13,810,070. Yet, deducting sugar and rice, 

 the exports amounted to only $370,000, so com- 

 pletely had the conditions of production and 

 commerce been transformed by the protection 

 afforded by the reciprocity arrangement; and 

 further deducting bananas, the value remaining 

 was only $135.000. During the fifteen years of 

 reciprocity the profits of the corporations en- 

 gaged in sugar planting were from 20 to 80 per 

 cent, a year. In 1890 the domestic exports 

 amounted to $13,023,304, in which sum sugar 



stands for $12,159,585, rice for $545,239, banana* 

 for $176,851, hides for $70,940. wool for $35.- 

 :',!)<;, r.,nv,. for $14,737, molasses for $7,603, goat 

 skins for $:),182, tallow for $1,140, betel leaves 

 for $1,050, sheep skins for $1.004, and all other 

 articles for $7,<M>7. The export of sugar in that 

 year was 259,798,462 pounds; of rice, 10,579.000 

 pounds; of bananas, 97,204 bunches. In 1891 

 the total value of the domestic exports was $10,- 

 259,000. The export of sugar was 274,983,580 

 pounds ; of rice, 4,900,450 pounds ; of bananas, 

 1 16,660 buQches ; of wool, 97,119 pounds. Nearly 

 all the imports come from the United States, with 

 which country 91 per cent, of the foreign trade 

 is done. The principal importt are provisions, 

 breadstuffs. clothing, timber, machinery, hard- 

 ware, and cotton goods. The total value of 

 imports was $7,439,000 in 1891, against $6,962,- 



000 in 1890, $5,439.000, in 1889, $4,541,000 in 

 1888, and $4,944,000 in 1887. 



Navigation and Communications. In 1891 

 there were 310 vessels entered at Hawaiian ports, 

 their aggregate tonnage being 284,155. The 

 vessels registered in the country number 51, of 



1 o.-l','.. tons. A fleet of 22 steamers, built in the 

 United States, and 28 sailing vessels carries on 

 the interisland traffic. 



There are 56 miles of railroads on the islands 

 of Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui. These islands are 

 supplied with telegraphs and connected by a 

 cable. The number of letters and the inclosures 

 carried in the mails during the two years end- 

 ing March 31, 1890, was 3,159,034. The deposi- 

 tors of the postal savings banks in 1890 numbered 

 2,641. 



Finances. The budget is voted every two 

 years, as the Legislature meets biennially. The 

 revenue for 1891-'92 was $4,408,033. and expen- 

 diture $4,095,891. The bonded debt in 1892 

 amounted to $2,314,000, consisting chiefly of a 

 loan of $2,000,000. bearing 6 per cent, interest, 

 contracted by virtue of the law of Sept. 1, 1886, 

 with Skinner & Co., of London, of which $1,934.- 

 000 remained unpaid on April 1, 1890. On some 

 smaller debts interest as high as 12 per cent, is 

 paid. The Government savings banks owed de- 

 positors $903,162 on April 1, 1892. 



The revenue is derived mainly from customs 

 and internal revenue duties. The import duty 

 is 10 per cent, on all articles except liquors and 

 opium, which bear high rates. The real-e>tate 

 taxes are low. Personal taxes are levied for 

 roads and schools, $2 for each purpose, and a $1 

 poll tax. 



The Queen's Coup d'Etat. The elements 

 that were behind King Kalakaua in his conflict 

 with the dominant white class, and that encour- 

 aged the native voters in their efforts to main- 

 tain a preponderance in the Legislature, con- 

 tinued as active in the reign of Lihuokalani, who 

 was more devoted than her brother to the restora- 

 tion of monarchy. She was a woman of shrewd- 

 MH mid education, but of dissolute life and 

 under the influence of the medicine men. In the 

 turmoil and agitation incident to this state of 

 thin.u's the Legislature was split into factions. 

 and bills were passed that were obnoxious to the 

 Americans, especially one licensing a gigantic 

 lottery company, which they considered to be a 

 measure not only demoralizing to Hawaii but un- 

 friendly to the United States, where the lottery 



