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LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



parzer under severely crififccal conditions eould not be 

 awarded this time, the jury failing to agree upon the 

 choice of any dramatic work coming up to his high 

 standard. Robert Hamerling (to whose memory a 

 monument has been erected at Waidhofen) has been 

 held up as a pattern of education by A. Bruckner, as 

 were Rembrandt and Moltke in the preceding year. 

 Adolf Wilbrandt has undertaken to issue a selection 

 from the works of the once so well-known Georg 

 Christoph Lichtenberg, and Gottfried Bohm has 

 written " Ludwig Weknrliu (1739-'!)2) : ein Publizis- 

 tenleben des 18. Jahrhunderts." Fritz Jonas's edition 

 of Schiller's letters ; K. Lorenz's " Der Anteil Meck- 

 lenburgs an der deutschen N ationalliteratur bis zuin 

 Ende des XVII. Jahrhunderts " ; several volumes on 

 Gottfried Keller; P. K. Rosegger's " Gute Kamara- 

 den: Personliche Erinnerungen an beriihmte und 

 beliebte Zeitgenossen " : and " Das iunge Deutsch- 

 land," by Johannes Prolss (1892 ; valuable, but style 

 not commended), are further contributions to the his- 

 tory of literature in Germany, while other countries 

 are dealt with in Richard Loening's " Die Hamlet- 

 Tragodie Shakespeare's," an interesting and excellent 

 monograph ; " Shakespeare : fiinf Vorlesungen aus 

 dem Nacnlass von Bernhard Ten Brink " ; Ph. Aug. 

 Becker's " Jean Lemaire, der erste huinaniatische 

 Dichter Frankreichs " ; and Max Kaluza's " Chaucer 

 und der Rosenroman." 



The novel in Germany has ever been a favorite 

 medium for propagation of reform ideas, and thus 

 Paul Heyse, in "Merlin," battles sturdily against the 

 naturalistic tendencies of the day. But the new 

 movement will no doubt run its course. The organ 

 of the " Moderns," by the way, is the " Gesellschaft " 

 (Munich). Frau Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (" Ge- 

 sammelte Schriften," 6 vols.) is occupied with a re- 

 ligious problem in " Glaubenslos." Karl Frenzel has 

 published " Frauenrecht," and " Und Bebel sprach" 

 is a spirited antisocialistic production. Egypt forms 

 once more the theme for Eners in u Per Aspera " and 

 "Kleopatra"; Paul Heyse (who has published also 

 " Das Marienkind "), in his " Aus den Vorbergen," 

 tells some charming stories of peasant life in the 

 Bavarian Alps ; while the scene of L. Ganghofer's 

 " Der Klosterjilger " is laid in the Austrian highlands. 

 To such idyls pt rural life should be added also Au- 

 gust Silbersteiu's " Dorfmusik " and Josef Wich- 

 ner's " Im Schneckenhaus." both dealing with Aus- 

 tria. Urban life, on the other hand, is pictured forth 

 in A. Niemann's " Voll Dampf voraus," Theophil 

 Zolling's " Coulissengeister," minutely true to nature, 

 and Luise von Bunsen's " Gegen den Strom," all 

 three portraying phases of life in Berlin, and C. Karl- 

 weiss's " Ein Sohn seiner Zeit," touching on the va- 

 rieties of existence in the Austrian capital. Finally, 

 of novels we have Hans Hoffmann's patriotic "Land- 

 sturm," dealing with the Freiheitskriege against Na- 

 poleon I, Heinz Tovote's " Das Ende vom Liede," 

 and Felix Dahn's three-volume " Julian der Abtriin- 

 nige." Josef Joachim, the author of peasant stories 

 like "Der Sonnenhaldenbaucr," seems destined to 

 take high rank among Swiss authors, while J. J. 

 David has further proved his talent in a volume of 

 stories, " Probleme." In the domain of the short story 

 might be mentioned also the following collections: 

 H. Tovote's "Heimliche Liebe," II. Heiberg's"Am 

 Kamin," and E. von Wolzogen's "Das gute Kro- 

 kodil." In the realm of poetry we find the division 

 between idealists and naturalists sharply defined by 

 the existence of a special organ for each the " Mu- 

 sen-Almanach " of the older generation, and the 

 " Mpderne Musen-Almanach " of the younger men. 

 Julius Rodenberg, Felix Dahn, Rudolf GottschaU, and 

 Otto Roquctte are among the recent contributors to 

 the former, while the latter numbers among its writers 

 Johannes Schlaf, Detlef von Liliencrou, Arnold Holz, 

 Otto Julius Bierbaurn, and Carl Busse. It appears, 

 however, that the " naturalism " of these " moderns " 

 is often artificial, strained, and mannered, only a few, 

 like Evers, striking a true note. The collected works 

 of Eduard Paulus and the newest poems of Wilhelm 



Jordan have both been praised for the freshness and 

 youthful enthusiasm of these two literary veterans. 

 " Jucunda Juveiitus " is a volume of humorous poetry 



glorifies a modern city in his " Wiener Elegien." 

 classic in their finish. Marie Eugenie delle Grazie 

 shows enthusiasm for beauty and a well-rounded 

 style in her " Romische Vignetten" and "Aus Nea- 

 pel." The play of the year which has probably 

 made the greatest stir is Gerard Hauptmann's revolu- 

 tionary drama " Die Weber," performed in Berlin and 

 in Paris with an unequivocal and tremendous suc- 

 cess. , Lacking unity of action, a plot, or a hero, it 

 depicts the revolt of the Silesian linen weavers dur- 

 ing the reign of Frederick William IV of Prussia, a 

 tragedy of hunger and despair. In his comedy " Der 

 Biberpelz " he draws an unlovely picture of a suburb 

 of Berlin, while his " Hannele," presenting the dream 

 of a delirious half-drowned pauper girl, has been de- 

 scribed as a weird combination of ultranaturalism 

 and fantastic symbolism. Sudermann has also had 

 a most decided success with his "Die Heimath," 

 which deals with the conflict between an honest re- 

 tired colonel and his erring daughter, an actress, who 

 places herself above the moral restrictions of social 

 life. Richard Nordmann shows the influence of Su- 

 dermann's " Ehre" in his " Gefallene Engel." J. V. 

 Widmann. in " Jenseits von Gut und Bose," combats 

 the refusal to be bound by moral laws, the ultimate 

 outcome of doctrines such as those preached by 

 Nietzsche in his book of the same title, and his " Mar- 

 kenfest" also made a hit. Paul Lindau's "Der An- 

 dere" deals with a sort of " Jekvll and Hyde" prob- 

 lem, the dual-soul theory, while his " Der Komodi- 

 ant" is a dramatization or the story ot Moliere's un- 

 fortunate married life. The newest drama from the 

 pen of Richard Voss, " Daniel Danielo," has been 

 praised for its powerful depiction of the conflict stir- 

 ring the soul of a baptized Jew whose heart still clings 

 to the old faith ; his " Jiirg Jenatsch " lacks balance 

 and psychological justification. Paul Heyse does 

 not appear to nave made the most of a good subject 

 in his " Jungfer Justine." Another one of the older 

 writers, Adolf Wilbrandt, has written " Die gllick- 

 liche Frau," " Der Meister von Palmyra," and " Bern- 

 hard Lenz," the latter two not very successful, it 

 seems ; and Gustav Moser a new four-act comedy, 

 " Blaues Blut." And yet a few of the younger gen- 

 eration : Ludwig Fuld'a, whose "Der Talisman" is 

 founded on a well-known fairy tale the story of the 

 king going naked among his people, the hypocritical 

 courtiers admiring his beautiful garment the while, 

 until a little child speaks the truth ; Robert Misch 

 (" Baronin Ruth "), Richard Skowronnek (" Palast- 

 Revolution," a comedy, reminiscent of Bendix, but 

 good in characterization) Erich Hartleben ("Hanna 

 Jagert," comedy) ; Max Halbe, author of the social 

 drama " Eisgang," whose " Jugend " is described as an 

 idyl of love, ending sadly j and Franz Nissel, whose 

 dramatic works have been issued in one volume. Ref- 

 erence may be made also to Julius Stinde's " Das 

 Torfmoor," a clever satire against the Ibsen cult. 



GreecSi Some of the most noteworthy among the 

 historical works of the year are continuations, such as 

 "History of Greece," by Spyr. Lambros (Vol. Ill); 

 Vol. II of " History of the Athenians," by Kamburo- 

 glos ; and " History of the Nineteenth Oentury," by 

 P. Karolides (Vol. III). To these should be added 

 the " Works " of the late Anastasius Byzantios, dealing 

 with recent political movements in Greece. D. Bike- 

 las has published in Paris " La Grece byzantine et 

 moderne " (which essays originally appeared in the 

 Greek newspapers, in which latter much that is good 

 in the literature of this country seems to-day to find 

 an outlet), and Tryphon Evangelides, " History of 

 King Otho." Two noteworthy biographical works 

 are Mark Renicris's monograph on " Metrophanes 

 Kritopulos" (once Patriarch of Jerusalem), and that 

 on Mark Eugenius, Bishop of Ephesus, by Niceph- 



