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LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



ception. Zglinski's " Jakob Warka," Gawalewicz's 

 "Old Debts" and "The Pearl," Jeske-Choifiski's 

 " Last Act," K. Zalewski's " The Eights of the Heart," 

 Baluck's " Flirt " and " Kilinski " (historical drama), 

 two noteworthy first attempts in comedy by S. Grayb- 

 ner (" Fredzio " and " Count George "), and " The 

 Weed," the last effort of J. Blizinski, whose recent 

 death deprives Poland of one of her best writers of 

 comedies, are among the successful plays of the year. 



Boumania. The publications of the year include : 

 A. D. Xenopol's " Istoria Romanilor din Dacia-Trai- 

 ana, Vol. VI: Isioria contimporana eu portretul auto- 

 rulul"; S. F. Marianu, " Inmormantaraa la Roman!: 

 Studiu etnografic " and " Nascerea la Roman! : Studiu 

 etnografic"; I. Lazariciii, "Istoria Literature! Ro- 

 mane " ; G. D. Teodorescu, " Cronica din Nurnberg,' 

 1493 : Conferenjla publica ^inuta in adunarea Societa- 

 ei Geografice Romane " ; S. Popescu, " Catichetica. 

 Adicfi, metodica speciala Studiulu! Eeliginnel"; G. 

 Marnu^eanu, " Lumea de ad! : Roman de aventuri " ; 

 A. Bacalbasa, " Moj Jeac&. Din cazanna " ; G. Oosbuc, 

 " Balade si Idile " ; and D. 0. Olancscu, " Teatru." 

 " Romanische Revue" (editor, St. N. Circu) and " Ro- 

 inanische Jahrbiicher," both printed in German, have 

 been in existence about ten years. The editor of the 

 last-named one, W. Rudow, has published a " Ge- 

 8chichtede8rutnani8chen!Schrifttuins"(Wernigerode, 

 1892), which has been adversely criticised, but is said 

 to show most knowledge in the treatment of contem- 

 porary literature. 



Kussia. There appear to have been comparative- 

 ly few contributions to general or to non-Russian 

 history. They include Kure'ev's popular " History of 

 Modern Europe" (3 vols.), Pokrovski's "Study on 

 the Athenian Constitution of Aristotle," and Prince 

 Trubetskoy's work on the " Weltanschauung of St. 

 Augustine." National history, however, has received 

 much attention. Earlier periods of Russian history 

 are dealt with in Sobestvanski's " National Peculiar^ 

 ities, Characteristics, and Legal Customs of the An- 

 cient Slavs"; V. G. Vasilievski's lives of St George, 

 Archbishop of Amastris, and St. Stephen, Archbishop 

 of Somosh ; I. Shtcherbatchefs "Danish Archives: 

 Materials for the History of Old Russia in Copen- 

 hagen, 1326-1<>90"; the" Works" of Catherine JI, ed- 

 ited by A. 1. Vvedenski ; " Protocols and Reports of 

 the Senate" (1715), edited by the Academy of Sci- 

 ences; and "Archives of Prince Kurakin," Vols. II 

 and III. More modern phases of national history form 

 the theme of Nadler's ' Alexander I and the Holy 

 Alliance" (Vol. V) ; A. Tratchevski's publication of 

 documents on "Diplomatic Relations of Russia with 

 France . . . " (1805-'<5), continued in Vol. LXXXII 

 of the "Journal of the Imperial Historical Society " ; 

 Mme. Likhatchev's " Materials for . . . the History 

 of Education of Women in Russia" (1796-1828, Vol. 

 II) ; Stcheglov's work on the founding of the Russian 

 "Council of State" under Alexander I; and Mine. A. O. 

 Smirnova's reminiscences, a noteworthy contribution 

 to the literature on Czar Nicholas and his time, pub- 

 lished in the " Northern Messenger." V. Sergudevitch 

 has continued his "Russian Legal Antiquities," Su- 

 vorov shows the influence of western Europe on an- 

 cient Russian law, especially ecclesiastical, while 

 Pavlov as emphatically denies it; Nikitski's "His- 

 tory of the Economic Conditions of Great Novgorod " 

 was published posthumously in the " Proceedings of 

 the Moscow Society for the Study of Russian History 

 and Antiquities." Siberia is dealt with in V. Meiov's 

 "Bibliography of Siberia" and S. Elpatjevski's " Out- 

 lines of Siberia." E. Lamanski has issued "India: 

 Economic Study"; V. Krivenko, "Sketches in the 

 Caucasus"; and F. Elenef's " Finnish State," Khor- 

 enski's " History of Armenia," A. Liprandi's " Down- 



on the Jews, in Russian, . . . 1708-1889," are other 

 efforts in historical specialism. Noteworthy contri- 

 butions to social and political science are Tchuprov's 

 popular " Political Economy " and " History of Polit- 



ical Economy"; a series of statistical compilations 

 under the general title, " Results of Economic Investi- 

 gations in Russia, based on the Data of Zemstvo Sta- 

 tistics," two volumes of which have appeared ; " Peas- 

 ant Leases and Rents," by Prof. Karuishev ; and " Vil- 

 lage Communes," by Vasili Vorontzov (the author of 

 " History of Capitalism in Russia," and who has also 

 described the Russian " small farmer " in his " Pro- 

 gressive Tendencies in Peasant Agriculture ") ; and 

 Fortunatov's book on the " Eye Crops of European 

 Russia," which admirably supplements Grass's data 

 on the same subject. It was reported in August that 

 Count Tolstoi had completed an important work, so- 

 cialistic in character, entitled " God in Man," and 

 that he intended further, in a novelette, to express his 

 opinions concerning the social conditions of the pres- 

 ent. In the domain of philosophy we have A. Vve- 

 denski's " On the Limits and Symptoms of Anima- 

 tion " (representing the views ot the neo-Kantians), 

 J. Panaef 's " Light of Life," and the collected works 

 of V. D. Kudiavtzev, professor at the Moscow Theo- 

 logical Academv. Here, as in France, the theories 

 of the German pliilosopher Friedrich Nietzsche have 

 awakened more or less interest. 



Other new publications are, in education, A. 

 Shtchekin's " Public Schools ... in Russia" (1892); 

 P. Snamenski's " History ot the Theological Academy 

 of Kasan . . ., 1842-'70" (3 vols.); in philology.. N. 

 Goryaet's " Essays toward a Comparative Etymolog- 

 ical Dictionary of the Eussische Written Language." 

 Under the editorship of Arseniev and Petrushevski, 

 who succeeded Andre"evski, on his death, in 1891, the 

 magnificent encyclopaedia in course of publication 

 has been extended and improved, growing into a 

 noteworthy national undertaking, seventeen volumes 

 having appeared. 



Among (biographies are those of A. J. Koshelev by 

 Kolupanov, and of the historian Pogodin by Barsukov 

 (seven volumes published) both, like tne interest- 

 ing correspondence between Youri Samarin and Bar- 

 oness von Eahden and Vol. Ill (1851-'60) of J. S. 

 Aksakov's " Letters," throwing much light on the 

 Slavophil movement : two volumes of Schonrock's 

 work on Gogol have appeared, and three volumes of 

 Vengerov's voluminous and excellent " Critico-Bio- 

 graphical Dictionary of Eussian Authors." The 

 diary (3 vols.) of Nikitenko, the censor, has been 

 published, and Skabitchevski has written an inter- 

 esting " History of Eussian Censorship," while E. 

 Garschin has brought out a " Eussian Literature of 

 the Nineteenth Century." The French symbolists 

 and decadents have been much discussed by N. K. 

 Mikhailovski (adversely) and others, and Meresh- 

 kovski has written quite from their standpoint in his 

 book on " The Causes of the Decline of, and of the 

 New Currents in. Contemporary Eussian Literature." 

 P. D. Boboruikin, Prince S. Volkonski, and Avrelin 

 have contributed to the magazines on purely aesthetic 

 matters, and Appelroth has made researches in the 

 literature on Praxiteles. 



In the department of prose fiction there are to be 

 recorded two new novels by Tchekhov, " Room No. 

 Six" (one of his best) and "The Story of an Un- 

 known Person " ; E. Salias's " Fifth Wheel " and " Sir 

 King" (historical novel); Dedlov's "Sashenka"; 

 Borboruikin's " Our People " (dealing with servant 

 life) ; W. Nemirovitch-Dantchenko's " The Millions of 

 Slastenow " ; Garin's excellent " School-Boy" (a con- 

 tinuation of his " Childhood of Tema," and supposed, 

 like the latter, to be autobiographical) ; and " Ruffina 

 Kazdoeva," by Mme. Blaramberg (Ardov), describing 

 the colonies among the people proposed in the Seven- 

 ties for the spread of socialism. The latter author 

 has also issued a collection of stories, and Garin a 

 volume of " Sketches and Tales," under which title 

 two volumes by Korolenko, exquisite in their delicacy 

 and feeling, have also seen the light. Korolenko has 

 also written his impressions of the famine (1892) in 

 Nizhni Novgorod, and the literary activity of Ertel, 

 the novelist, has been practically limited to writing 

 accounts of his philanthropic labors among the peas- 



