506 



NETHERLANDS. 



from railroads, 6.930 guilders from mining roy- 

 alties, and 7,683,300 guilders from other sources. 

 The total expenditures are estimated at 137,860,- 

 022 guilders, of which 37.408,988 guilders are for 

 the public debt, 22,265,552 guilders for war, 15.- 

 775,910 guilders for marine, 12,297,699 guilders 

 for the interior, 5,488,669 guilders for justice, 

 660,506 guilders for the executive, 783,862 guil- 

 ders for foreign affairs, 804,000 guilders for the 

 Queen's household, 19,129,493 guilders for finan- 

 cial administration, payments to communes, and 

 public worship, 21,825,658 guilders for public 

 works, 1,369.690 guilders for the central admin- 

 istration of the colonies, and 50,000 guilders for 

 unforeseen expenses. 



The public debt in 1893 amounted to 1,083,- 

 966,950 guilders, not counting 15,000,000 guilders 

 of paper money. Of the funded debt, 378,535,- 

 600 guilders pay 3 per cent, interest, having 

 been converted in 1892 from 4-per-cent. obliga- 

 tions, 610,310,400 guilders pay 2| per cent., and 

 89.072,250 guilders pay 3 per cent. 



The Army and Navy. The active army is 

 recruited under the law of 1861 both by volun- 

 tary enlistment and by conscription. The vol- 

 unteers, who constitute one third of the army, 

 are engaged for six or eight years. The con- 

 scripts are drawn by lot from among the able- 

 bodied young men of the age of twenty. The 

 annual contingent is 10,400. Substitution and 

 the exchange of numbers after the drawing are 

 permitted. Service with the colors lasts only 

 twelve months, after which the men are called 

 out to drill six weeks for six successive years. The 

 peace effective for 1893 was as follows : General 

 staff, 63 officers; administration, 133 officers; 46 

 battalions of infantry, 1,060 officers and 11,408 

 men ; 16 squadrons of cavalry and 3 depots, 143 

 officers and 2,338 men, with 4,115 horses; 21 bat- 

 teries of field artillery and 6 companies of train, 

 247 officers and 1.729 men, with 2,349 horses ; 40 

 companies of fortress artillery, 217 officers and 

 1,695 men ; 4 companies of artillery for armored 

 forts, 15 officers and 202 men ; 22 companies of 

 engineers, 124 officers and 1,128 men ; 3 com- 

 panies of sanitary troops, 3 officers and 108 men ; 

 12 sections of gendarmerie, 15 officers and 641 

 men, with 406 horses ; 2 companies attached to 

 the recruiting office for the colonies, 13 officers 

 and 62 men; total, 2,033 officers and 19,311 men. 



The navy in 1893 consisted of 6 armorclads, 13 

 monitors, 5 river gunboats, 31 other gunboats, 37 

 torpedo boats, 6 frigates, 3 corvettes, 6 schooners, 

 2 paddle-wheel steamers, 3 stationary vessels, 16 

 school-ships, and 1 transport; in all,"l29 vessels, 

 armed with 282 guns over 10 centimetres and 467 

 of smaller caliber. There were building 3 armor- 

 clads, of 3,400 tons each, and 1 deck-protected 

 cruiser, of 4.600 tons. 



Communications. The length of railroads 

 in 1890 was 1,839 miles, of which the state 

 owned 986. There are 1,907,170 miles of canals 

 and 3,000 miles of other navigable water. The 

 state telegraph lines in 1891 had a total length 

 of 3,311 miles, with 11,788 miles of wires. The 

 receipts of the post-office were 7,050,784 guilders 

 and the expenses 5,275,676 guilders. 



Commerce. The amount of the special com- 

 merce for 1892 and the shares of the different 

 countries in the trade may be seen in the follow- 

 ing table, which gives the values in guilders : 



In these totals are included the precious 

 metals, of which 15,400,000 guilders were im- 

 ported and 6,200,000 guilders exported. Of the 

 total value of the imports, 362,300,000 guilders 

 represent articles of alimentation, 303.700,000 

 guilders raw materials, 217,700,000 guilders 

 manufactured articles, and 383,000,000 guilders 

 miscellaneous merchandise. Of the total value 

 of the exports, 343,100,000 guilders represent 

 alimentary substances, 214,300,000 guilders raw 

 materials, 217,200.000 guilders manufactured 

 articles, and 353,100,000 guilders other merchan- 

 dise. The total value of the special imports for 

 1891 was 1,356,000,000 guilders. The following 

 were some of the principal articles : Cereals, 

 230,600,000 guilders; drugs, 222,600,000 guil- 

 ders ; iron and steel, and manufactures thereof, 

 124,000,000 guilders; textiles, raw and manu- 

 factured, 112,200,000 guilders: coal, 45,100,000 

 guilders; copper, 40,800,000 guilders; rice. 40,- 

 700,000 guilders; seeds, 35,600.000 guilders; 

 coffee, 34,600,000 guilders; timber, 28,100,000 

 guilders. The total value of the domestic ex- 

 ports for 1891 was 1,140.400,000 guilders. Among 

 the large exports the following are worthy of 

 note : Drugs and chemicals, 157,200,000 guil- 

 ders; grain and flour, 118,400,000 guilders ; tex- 

 tiles and textile manufactures, 108,600,000 guil- 

 ders ; iron and steel and manufactures thereof, 

 83,000,000 guilders ; copper manufactures. 24,- 

 700,000 guilders; paper, 23,900,000 guilders; 

 skins, 21,800,000 guilders; flax, 18,900,000 

 guilders. 



Navigation. There were entered 8,802 ves- 

 sels, of 15,824,000 metric tons, with cargoes and 

 563, of 361,000 metric tons, in ballast in 1891, 

 and cleared, 5,799, of 8,731,000 metric tons, with 

 cargoes and 3,463, of 7,370,000 metric tons, in 

 ballast. The merchant navy consisted in the 

 beginning of 1892 of 143 steamers, of 457,000 

 metric tons, and 478 sailing ships, of 370,000 

 metric tons. 



The Dutch East Indies. C. Pynacker Hor- 

 dyck, Governor-General, was succeeded in 1893 

 by Jonkheer C. A. H. van der Wyck. Java and 

 Madura, forming one colony, are divided into 22 

 residencies, administered by residents, who have 

 under them assistant residents and controleurs 

 to direct the various grades of native officials. 

 The culture system, which involves the forced 

 labor of the natives, has been abolished in regard 

 to sugar and other products, but is still retained 

 for the cultivation of coffee on Government lands 



