OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (CABAT CUMMINO.) 



577 



Cabat. Nicolas Louis, Fn-n.-h painter, born in Paris. 



l)ee. -J4, isl-.'; died there, March 13, 1898. He studied 



with Camille Kiers, and joined Huet in abandoning 

 tho traditions of the classical school of Poussin and 

 Claude Lorrain and introducing a new method of 

 landscape painting. He devoted himself to the in- 

 terpretation of the scenery of the banks of the Indre 

 and the Meurthe and the landscapes of Normandy, 

 and when he l>egan to exhibit, in 1833, his canvases 

 wore criticised for their realism. After a few years 

 he went to Italy, and there fell into the conventional 

 manner, and when he returned others had outstripped 

 him in realistic treatment. 



Calthrop, Claude, English painter, born in 1854; died 

 in London, April 11, 18U3. He was a clever painter 

 of costumes, and pleased the public with his senti- 

 mental arid historical yenrt pictures. f 



Oarriere, Justus, German biologist, born in Munich, 

 in 1864; died in Strasburg, July 13,1893. He was 

 a son of Moritz Carriere and a grandson of Justus 

 Liebig. He studied zoology, anatomy, and physiol- 

 ogy in Munich, went to Strasburg after graduating, 

 in 1880, as assistant in the Zoological Institute, be- 

 came a tutor in the university there, and in 1885 pro- 

 fessor. He devoted himself to minute biological ob- 

 servations. In 1885 he published a work on the 

 comparative anatomy of the organs of sight in all 

 orders of animals. Later he studied the development 

 of a bee in all the least details and phenomena. 



Charcot, Jean Martin, French neurologist, born in 

 Paris, Nov. 25, 1825 ; died Aug. 18. 1893. He took 

 his doctor's degree in 1825, was appointed on a hospital 

 staff in 1856, became a professor in 1860, was called 

 to the Salpetriere in 1862, and in 1880 founded there 

 the first clinic for nervous disease. Dr. Charcot was 

 a physician of the highest scientific reputation, an 

 author of treatises on the maladies of old age, nervous 

 affections, and diseases of the liver when he first be- 

 came known to the general public through his ex- 

 periments in the Salpetriere hospital in hypnotism and 

 mental suggestion. His original writings on ataxy, 

 lesions of the spinal cord, insanity, aphasia, hysteria, 

 and general neurosis are' scarcely less valuable than 

 clinical experiments on hypnotic phenomena. 



Chretien, 0. P., Englisn theologian, born about 

 1820; died May 20,1893. He was educated at Ox- 

 ford, became a fellow of Oriel College, was ordained 

 in 1844, was a tutor for many years, and took charge 

 of a rural parish in 1860, from which he retired in 

 1875. He published a treatise on u Logical Method," 

 and a series of university sermons on " The Letter 

 and the Spirit," and a " Dialogue on the Divine 

 Providence," in which he anticipated some of the 

 conclusions of the higher criticism. 



Clark. Sir Andrew, English physician, born in 1826 ; 

 died in London, Nov. 30, 1893. He studied in Edin- 

 burgh and London, taught anatomy and pathology, 

 intending to devote himself to the latter study, was 

 compelled by circumstances to enter into practice, 

 and Decame one of the busiest and most noted phy- 

 sicians in England. He lectured at the London Hos- 

 pital, and wrote extensively, especially on diseases of 

 the respiratory, renal, and digestive organs. 



Cole, yioat, English painter, born in Portsmouth, in 

 1833; died in London, April 6, 1893. He was the son 

 and pupil of George Cofe, a noted painter of land- 

 scapes, and began to exhibit in 1853. In 1860 he ob- 

 tained a medal of the Society of Arts for " A Surrey 

 Cornfield." and afterward exhibited similar subjects 

 in the Academy, of which he became an associate in 

 1870 and a full member in 1880. Departing from his 

 common range of subjects, he obtained a great success 

 a few years before his death with his large painting 

 " The Pool of London," which was purchased for 

 the South Kensington Gallery. 



Colladon. Daniel, Swiss physicist, born in Geneva, in 

 1802 ; died there, July 3,.lS!i3. He was for some time 

 a professor in the Paris Ecole des Arts, and afterward 

 Professor of Mechanics in Geneva. In 1826 he pub- 

 lished his researches in photometry and on the effect 

 of electric currents on the magnet. He gained emi- 



VOL. xxxin. 37 A 



nence by his researches into the propagation of sound 

 in water and his experiments on the compressibility 

 of liquids. He was also the inventor of the luminous 

 fountain, in which light is reflected from the parabolic 

 wall of water, and of the method of using compressed 

 air in boring tunnels, having begun the study of this 

 problem in 1849, anu developed the apparatus that 

 was used in the Mont Cenis and 8t. Gotbard tun- 

 nels. He first lighted Geneva with gas in 1848. 



Gonsiderant, Victor Prosper, French author, born in 

 Saliuo, Jura, Oct. 12,1806; died in Paris, Dec. 27, 

 1893. He became a convert to the socialistic doc- 

 trines of St. Simon in early life, was a disciple of 

 Fourier, and after the lattcr's death undertook to 

 edit his paper, " La Phalange." After the revolution 

 of 1848 he was a member or the Constituent Assem- 

 bly and of the Legislative Assembly under the re- 

 public. In 1849 he went to Belgium, and afterward 

 to the United States, where he nopcd to propagate 

 Fourierism. He did not return to France till 1869. 

 Of his socialistic writings the principal ones are 

 " Principles of Socialism " and " Theory of the Laws 

 of Property and of the Laws of Labor." 



Cowper, Edward Alfred, English inventor, born in 

 London, Dec. 10, 1819 ; died there in May, 1893. He 

 was the son of a professor of engineering who made 

 useful improvements in the printing press. During 

 his seven years' apprenticeship with Jotm Braithwaite 

 he invented the fog signals used on railroads, and in 

 1846 he invented an improved chair for rails. He 

 helped to design the machines for making the iron 

 framework of the great building for the exhibition in 

 Hyde Park. He designed also the wrought-iron roof 

 with a great span for the Birmingham railroad station. 

 In 1851 he established himself as a consulting engineer 

 in London. He invented a regenerative firebrick hot- 

 blast furnace in 1857, which he continued to improve 

 up to 1887 ; also a compound engine with an inter- 

 mediate receiver, and in 1868 a bicycle wheel with 

 rubber tire and steel spokes. In 1879 he produced an 

 electrical writing telegraph. 



Coi, Samuel, English theologian, born near London, 

 in 1826; died March 30, 1893. He was educated for 

 the Baptist ministry in the college at Stepney, and 

 became pastor of a church at Nottingham, where he 

 remained till 1888. After publishing a book entitled 

 " The Private Letters of St. Paul and St. John," and 

 a number of volumes on biblical exegesis and theology, 

 he founded, in 1875, the "Expositor," which had on 

 its staff the leading English writers on divinity and 

 religion. He retired from the editorship in 1885. 

 Among his numerous works the most widely read was 

 " Salvator Mundi." 



1865, became a fellow of Worcester College, and in 

 1868 published " Horse and Foot," a satire after the 

 manner of Pope that was considered brilliant. " Venus 

 and Psyche" (1871) was not so much admired. In 

 1874 he published a translation of Thucydides. " The 

 Younger Brother," an archaic drama of the style of 

 the Elizabethan writers, was published in 1878. After 

 that he devoted his attention to life insurance. 



Primming, Sir Arthur, English admiral, born in 1819 ; 

 died in Loi-don, Feb. 20, 1893. He entered the navy 

 in 1832, and during the war in Syria was made a lieu- 

 tenant for his extraordinary courage and address in 

 leading, as a volunteer, the Turkish landing party in 

 the attack on Sidon. Not long afterward, in Soutli 

 America, he boarded a Spanish slaver, and before his 

 men could follow their coat swung off, but he shot 

 the helmsman, and with his pistol kept the crew at 

 bay while he put the wheel about until his boat was 

 once more alongside. He was promoted Commander 

 in 1846, commanded a steamer on the coast of Africa, 

 assisted in the blockade of the Gulf of Riga, and after- 

 ward commanded a floating battery in the Black Sea 

 during the Crimean War, was admiral commanding in 

 India in 1872-'75, became a vice-admiral in 1876 and 

 an admiral in 1880, and retired in 1882. 



