OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (SYMONDS TSCHAIKOWSKY.) 



587 



Bion for the study of the physical conditions of the 

 Adriatic Sen, ('resident of the Scientific < 'ommittec in 

 the Electrical K\]>"Mtioii, President, of tin- Interna- 

 tiniiul Conference '> the Diapason, and secretary of 

 thf section nl' mathematics und physics in the Aus- 

 triuu Academy i-f Science. 



Bymonda. John Addington, English critic und historian, 

 horn in liri.-tol. in IMo; died in Home, Italy, April 1'J, 

 !!< was the son of physician, who was known 

 us a philosopher; was edOMted ut Harrow and Halliol 

 College, Oxford ; won the university prize for an Eng- 

 lish essay on the Renaissance, and wa-s elected a fel- 

 low of Magdalen College, when' he plunged into tho 

 studies that liad lirst attracted him, and produced an 

 " Introduction to the Study of Dante," and essays on 

 the Italian and Latin writers of the fifteenth and six- 

 teenth centuries. He wrote -Studies of the (Ircck 

 Poets," several volumes of original and translated 

 poem*, besides lives of Shelley and Sidney, transla- 

 tions of Cellini's autobiography and Count Carlo 

 (.io/./i's memoirs. " Michelangelo," a volume on 

 "Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama," 

 " Sketches and Studies in Italy," "Italian By-Ways," 

 and a " History of the Renaissance in Italy," supple- 

 mented bv " The Catholic Reaction." 



Taine. Hippolyte Adolphe. French philosoplier and 

 critic, liorn in Vouzier, Ardennes, April 21, 1828; 

 died in Paris, March 6, 1893. He distinguished him- 

 self as a student in the College Bourbon, and entered 

 the Keole Normale with the ambition to become a 



professor, but his thesis on La Fontaine's fables, with 

 which he earned his doctor's degree in 1858, had such 

 a success that he devoted himself to literature. An 

 essay on Livy was crowned by the French Academy 

 in 1854. Then a disciple of Hegel, he attacked the 

 svstem of Cousin in 1856 in a short work on the 

 French philosophers of the nineteenth century. At- 

 tracted by the Knglish philosophers, he became en- 

 irrosscd in the study of English literature, and in 1864 

 published his " History of English Literature," in 

 which he ingeniously attributes the character of 

 every author and the style of his writings to his social 

 and natural environment. This theory he expounded 

 also in his lectures on the philosophy of art and taste. 

 which he delivered as Professor of trie History of Art 

 at the icole des Beaux Arts. Bishop Dupanfoup de- 

 nounced his position as atheistic, and for a long time 

 the French Academy was unwilling to admit him on 

 that account. He published two volumes of Italian 

 travels in 1866, ana in 1867 a biting satire on French 

 society, entitled " Vie ct Opinions de Thomas (irain- 

 dorge." In 1870 appeared the fruits of his philosoph- 

 ical and psychological reflections in the work u De 



1'Intelligence." After the war In: lectured on philoso- 

 phy, and in 171 went to Oxford to deliver a cuurm-un 

 French literature, publishing " Notes sur 1'Angle- 

 terre " after his return. When his name wa pre- 

 sented to the French Academy, in 1874, the shallow 

 and conventional Caro was elected inst.-ad by the 

 Conservatives, who not long afterward glorified Taine 

 for the searching criticism which he applied to revolu- 

 tionary leaders ami their actions in his great work on 

 the French revolution, and the succeeding volumes 

 of his still incomplete "Origines de la France Con- 

 tempiiraine." He was elected to the Academy in 

 1*7\ and exercised a strong influence in that body. 



Te Kooti, Maori chief, born on the North Island ot 

 New Zealand, about 1880; died there, April 17, ivi.-f. 

 In 1865 he was arrested and exile 1 to t 'hatham Island, 

 being suspected of sympathy with the Hau Hau up- 

 rising against the British. Escaping two years later, 

 he collected 200 Maoris, who fought the British troops 

 until they were driven into the mountains. In No- 

 vember, 1868, while the troops were suppressim: an 

 insurrection elsewhere, Te Jvooti and his band de- 

 scended on the white settlers who occupied their lands 

 at Poverty Bay, and killed 32 of them. A price ot 

 5,000 was put upon his head, but he cunningly 

 evaded every attempt to capture h'un, and when the 

 feeling of revenge had died out he was pardoned. 



Tirard, Pierre Emmanuel, French statesman, born in 

 Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. ^7, 1827; died in Paris, 

 Nov. 4, 1893. He was the son of French parents, and 

 in 1846 went to Paris, where he followed the business 

 of a watchmaker until he entered into municipal 

 politics, in 1868. In 1871 he was elected a Deputy, 

 lie entered the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture 

 and Commerce in 1879. In 1882 he was Minister of 

 Commerce in the Cabinet of M. de Freycinet, and 

 when Duclerc formed a Cabinet he made Tirard Min- 

 ister of Finance, a post that he retained in the two 

 succeeding ministries of Fallieres and Ferry. In 1888 

 he became a Senator. On the accession of M. Car- 

 npt to the presidency, in 1887, Tirard was called into 

 his first Cabinet as Minister of Finance, and when it 

 was defeated he formed a ministry, taking the port- 

 folio of Commerce. In March, 1890, he went out of 

 office. He wrote several works on politics and finance. 



Treveneuo, Comte Henri de, French statesman, born 

 in 1815 ; flied June 10, 1893. He entered the school 

 of St. Cyr when it was open only to the Legitimist 

 aristocracy, to which his family belonged, and with 

 a dozen more was expelled on account of his liberal 

 political principles. The electors of the Cotes da 

 Nord chose him to represent them in 1848 in the 

 Legislative Assembly, where he supported the Gov- 

 ernment of Gen. Cavaignac. After tne proclamation 

 of the empire his opposition to Louis Napoleon led 

 to his incarceration in the prison of Vincennea. 

 When the republic was restored in 1861 he was again 

 elected a Deputy for the Cotes du Nord. He proposed 

 in the National Assembly a famous law which pro- 

 vides that in case the Chambers are illegally dis- 

 solved or prevented from meeting, the councils gen- 

 eral shall each delegate two of its members to meet 

 and provide provisionally for the administration of 

 'the country. He was subsequently elected Senator. 



Troutowsky. Constantin, Russian "painter, died at an 

 advanced age in Moscow, in April, 1893. His fffnr* 

 paintings were prized by collectors, and passed from 

 nis atelier into their hands without appearing at ex- 

 positions. From 1871 till 1881 he was inspector of 

 the School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture 

 in Moscow. 



Tschaikowsky. Peter Iltitsh, Russian composer, born 

 in Wotkinsk. Wiutka, in 1840 ; died in St Peters- 

 burg, Nov. 7, 1898. His father became director of the 

 Technological Institute in St Petersburg in 1850, and 

 educated his son for the higher public service in the 

 School of Jurisprudence, when he had completed 

 the course of study, in 1859, he was appointed to a 

 post in the Ministry of Justice. This he relinquished 

 in 1862 in order to enter as a student the newly 

 established Conservatoire of Music, where he learned 



