PRE8B7TERIAN& 



647 



for over $5,000, and one exceptionally fine speci- 

 men lieing estimated at ove.r 110,000. Explora- 

 tions in Alaska have drought to light the fact 

 that jade was used by the natives of Alaska for 

 Implements, and it is almost proved that it is 

 found not only as bowlders, but also t'n situ. The 

 National Museum, the Kmmoiis, Kveivtt, iVa- 

 body Museum, Canadian (Jeolngieal Survey, ln- 

 leu, and other collections contain several hun- 

 dred objects made of this Alaskan material. 

 Frank w. Clarke found among the objects col- 

 leeted for the United States National Museum 

 one which resembled pectolite so closely that he 

 referred it to that species. It had the hardness 

 of jade, a specific gravity of 2'873, and was pale 

 given in color. The theory that jadeite or chal- 

 chihuitl was highly prized by the aborigines has 

 been greatly strengthened during the last ten 

 years. J. J. Valentine, in a paper before the 

 American Antiquarian Society, in 1881, on the 

 Humboldt celt or votive adze, and the Leyden 

 plate, two remarkable carved jadeites, offered 

 some exceedingly interesting suggestions. The 

 1 1 umlmldt celt was presented to Humboldt by Del 

 Rio in 1803, and the Leyden plate was given to 

 the Leyden Museum by S. A. von Bramm, who 

 found it near St. Felipe close to the borders of 

 Guatemala, in Honduras. They are both 9 inches 

 in length and 3^ inches wide, the former If 

 inch in thickness, and the latter only inch. 

 This similarity of measurements suggests that the 

 two objects were originally part of one and the 

 same celt. In April, 1886, Frederick W. Putnam 

 exhibited before the same society his remarkable 

 series of Nicaragua and Costa Rica jadeites, which 

 ornaments were made by cutting into halves, 

 thirds, or quarters one large celt perforated by 

 one or two drilled holes, in one instance two of 

 them fitting together. The 16-pound adze ex- 

 hibited by George F. Kunz at the meeting of the 

 American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science in 1887, from which fully 2 pounds had 

 been cut, and the breastplate recently found, 

 measuring only ^ inch thickness, together with 

 the fact that even Burmese jadeite when burned 

 or exposed to a high temperature will assume the 

 grayish-green color of the Mexican, all tend to 

 sup[>ort Prof. Fisher's theory that this jadeite 

 originally came from there. Additional evidence 

 is the striking resemblance between the Maya 

 and ancient Burmese styles of carving, although 

 Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, of Dresden, firmly believed 

 that this material will yet lie found in situ in 

 Mexico. The existence "of beads of this material 

 the necklaces made of common stones suggests 

 its similar origin. The imperial jade quarries of 

 Burmah, in the Mogung district, 90 miles from 

 Bharno, are leased by two companies, who pay a 

 royalty of $80.000 "annually. At the Colonial 

 Exhibition held in London in 1886 there were 

 exhibited large rounded and water-worn blocks of 

 jade weighing hundreds of pounds, called by the 

 Maori* panaum. Much of it was of the finest 

 green color, and was worked into charms and 

 similar objects. 



PRESBYTERIANS. I. Presbyterian 

 Church in the I'nited States of America. 

 The following is the general summary of the 

 statistics of this Church for 1893, besides which 

 sire given, for comparison, the statistics of 1888 

 and 1891 : 



The General Assembly met in Washington, 

 D. C., May 8. The Rev. Willis G. Craig, D. D., 

 of McCormick Theological Seminary, was chosen 

 moderator. The Committee on Theological 

 Seminaries presented a report concerning the 

 relations of the Assembly to its seminaries. 

 The report concerned the present legal status 

 of the seminaries and the present control of the 

 Church over them. It reviewed the history of 

 each of the fourteen seminaries, beginning with 

 Princeton, the oldest, in the formation of which 

 it was the purpose of the Church to maintain 

 direct and complete control by the Assembly of 

 the teachings and property. As the Church 

 grew in numbers, otner seminaries and schools 

 were formed, some of them, as the Western, 

 McCormick, Danville, and Omaha, substantially 

 on the same plan as Princeton. 



Other seminaries, organized under different plans, 

 have become connected with the Church, either by 

 contract relations or through the action of their 

 boards in seeking the indorsement of^the Church in 

 order to obtain funds and students. Union and Lane 

 are typical of two classes, Auburn and San Francisco 

 of two others. Union is a civil corporation, whose 

 charter is undenominational, and makes no reference 

 of any kind to the Presbyterian Church. No control 

 of the seminary, either in its teaching or property, is, 

 by the terms of its charter. Driven to the Church in 

 anv of its agencies. In the case of Lane, the only 

 reference to the Church in the charter is in Article 

 111. which provides that a majority of the Kxeentive 

 Committee and all of its professors and instructors 

 shall be members of the 1'rcshytcrian Church in 

 good standing. While these seminaries (Union and 

 Lane) have been n-trarded as in connection with the 

 I'rc.-bytcrian Church, and have heretofore been oper- 

 ated in the interest of that denomination, by the 

 terms of the charters of the respective corjx>rutions. 

 which hove absolute control of the property, subject 

 only to such terms and conditions as the donors im- 

 j-o-'c. the Presbyterian Church has no control of any 

 Kind over the teaching or the property of these semi- 

 naries, and can aiford the donors of funds to them no 

 protection in the matter of applying their gifts to the 

 ]niriM>ses lor which they arc made. Auburn in con- 

 trolled by certain presbyteries and Sun Francisco by 

 certain synods. The charters of the independent 



