SALVADOR. 



SAMOA. 



683 



land, and, influenced by the demand for protec- 

 tion, pivli-rivd to rarry on a tariff war with Rus- 

 sia, which was then willing to bind itself not 

 to rai>e its tariff for a certain time on a list of ar- 

 ticles manufactured in Germany, asking in return 

 ivl net ions in the German dulic.x on cereals, wood, 

 rut t If, etc. After the German treaties were made 

 with the countries of the triple alliance, Rus- 

 sian corn had to pay 42 per cent., wood 38 per 

 rent., horses 100 per cent., and eggs 50 per cent, 

 higher rates than similar imports into Germany 

 from other countries. The Russian Government 

 tardily resorted to retaliatory measures, framing 

 a new p-neral tariff and applying it to Germany, 

 while to Prance and other European countries 

 and the United States were given the advantage 

 of special rates ; and, lastly, differentiatingagainst 

 the considerable German trade with Finland 

 subsequent to the new German treaty with Rou- 

 maiiia. admitting Roumanian rye on reciprocity 

 terms. Germany is the only export market for 

 Russian rye, and the closing of this market 

 caused great distress among the farmers, which 

 the Government endeavored to alleviate by pur- 

 chasing supplies for the army sufficient to last 

 for years and by constraining the banks to lend 

 money on the stock of unsold grain to the amount 

 of 50 per cent, of its market value. The Ger- 

 man consumers were not put to as great incon- 

 venience as the Russian farming population 

 which has formerly supplied them, because im- 

 ports from Roumania, America, and perhaps 

 some from other parts of Russia imported 

 through Roumania or Austria, kept down the 

 price. In the beginning of October the negotia- 

 tions for a treaty were resumed in Berlin, and 

 in two months one was concluded at last in 



which Germany made satisfactory concessions. 

 While the German agrarian party continued to 

 oppose it bitterly, it was no lew obnoxious to the 

 lJn.--iaii manufacturing interests, which are con- 

 cent rated at Moscow. In the arrangement, us 

 negotiated by the plenipotentiaries, Russia makes 

 a reduction in the duties on textiles, paper, 

 leather, woodwork, ceramic wares, musical in- 

 struments, chemicals, minerals, iron, tin, and 

 copper wares, agricultural instruments, starch, 

 and vegetables averaging 20 per cent., and re- 

 duces the rates on coal and on telegraph materi- 

 als 50 per cent. The German duty on Russian 

 cereals is lowered 80 per cent. 



Bering Sea Sealing. In July, 1892, the 

 naval authorities patrolling the waters adjacent 

 to the Russian seal rookeries in Bering Sea 

 captured 6 Canadian schooners, on which were 

 found guns for killing seals in the water and 

 clubs for killing them on land and a large num- 

 ber of seals, of which 90 per cent, were females. 

 The British Government protested, but agreed 

 to a provisional arrangement regulating sealing 

 for 1892. Russia claimed a territorial limit of 

 30 marine miles from the coasts of Robben and 

 the Commander Islands and 10 miles from the 

 Kamchatkan coast, to which the British Gov- 

 ernment agreed, while the Russian Government 

 agreed to restrict the catch on the islands of 

 Komandorsky and Tulenew to 30,000 seals for 

 the year. British naval vessels were to co-oper- 

 ate in enforcing the regulations. The British 

 Parliament ratified the agreement in June. In 

 July the Emperor issued an ukase forbidding the 

 killing or capturing of fur seals, in any waters 

 under the control of Russia, without especial 

 permission from the Government. 



S 



SALVADOR, a republic in Central America. 

 The legislative body is a single Chamber of 42 

 Deputies, elected annually by the votes of all 

 citizens except public functionaries. The Presi- 

 dent is elected for four years by universal suf- 

 frage. The active troops number 4,000 and the 

 militia 15,000. Gen. Carlos Ezeta was elected for 

 the term beginning March 1, 1891. 



The area of the republic is 8,100 square miles. 

 The population was 780,426 in 1892. 



The receipts of the treasury for 1892 were $6,- 

 896,000, including a loan of $1,702,000. The im- 

 port duties amounted to $3,045,000; tax on 

 brandy, $1.650,000; stamps and post-office and 

 telegraph receipts, $490.000. The expenditure 

 for war was $1,676,000; for the interior, $1,086,- 

 000; for financial administration, $396,000; 

 for justice, $195,000; for public instruction 

 $308.000; for public works, $823,000; for 

 amortization of loans, $2,732,000; total expendi- 

 tures, $6,784,000. The internal debt in 1892 

 amounted to $3,614,000, and the foreign debt to 

 269,519. 



The value of the imports in 1892 was $2,756,- 

 000 ; of the exports, $6,838.000. The exports of 

 coffee were worth $4.500,000 ; of indigo, $1,151,- 

 000; of sugar. $164.000; of tobacco, $158,000. 



There are 62 miles of railroad. The tele- 

 graphs have 2,396 miles of wire. The number of 



dispatches in 1892 was 602,947, of which 198.796 

 were official. The post-office in 1891 forwarded 

 609,658 pieces in the internal and 1,058,212 in the 

 foreign service. 



SAMOA, a monarchy occupying the Samoan 

 Islands in the Pacific Ocean, declared independ- 

 ent and neutral by the Samoan Conference at 

 Berlin. June 14, 1889. King Malietoa Laoupepa, 

 who succeeded to the throne in 1880, was de- 

 posed by the Germans and carried away as a 

 prisoner, first to the Cameroons and afterward 

 to the Marshall Islands. In consequence of the 

 protests of the United States, supported by 

 Great Britain, the German protectorate was not 

 consummated, King Tamasese was dispossessed, 

 and the exiled King was restored on Dec. 10, 

 1889. In the treaty the three powers agreed to 

 allow the native people to govern themselves ac- 

 cording to their own laws and customs and elect 

 their sovereign. It was stipulated, however, that 

 Malietoa Laoupepa should be restored, and his 

 successor elected according to native custom. A 

 European chief justice was appointed to decide 

 cases affecting the interests of foreigners. All 

 future sales of land to foreigners was prohibited. 

 O. K. W. von Cedercrantz, a Swedish jurist, was 

 appointed Chief Justice. 



The area of the islands is 1,700 miles and the 

 population 86,000. There, are about 300 whites, 



