704 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



the skull of a boy had been violently crushed out 

 of shape and large fragments of it driven into 

 the brain, the fragments were raised and in part 

 removed, the lacerated brain scraped out by the 

 teacupful, and the whole so repaired that in time 

 the vacated and denuded space was refilled with 

 fresh tissue, and covered again with new bone, 

 and the faculties resumed their operations ap- 

 parently unaffected. 



One of the strangest surgical operations that 

 the human head has been proved capable of en- 

 during is the opening and enlargement of the 

 skull of microcephalous, and therefore more or 

 less imbecile, children. It is called Lanne- 

 longue's operation, from its audacious origina- 

 tor, but has been improved and performed with 

 remarkable success, in the development of the 

 faculties, by Wyeth and other American sur- 

 geons. In this operation the skull is sawed open 

 from front to back and the separated halves are 

 forcibly pressed apart until the brain is released 

 from the constriction under which it had been 

 dwarfed, and given reasonable space for future 

 growth. Artificial or transplanted bone is sup- 

 plied to the gap, or else a protective cap is fitted 

 on while Nature makes the repair. In ordinary 

 modern trephiny it is only necessary to push 

 back the button, and Nature does the rest. 



Sanitary Progress. This is a short chapter, 

 so far as recent discovery is concerned, although 

 progress of late years' in the application of what 

 is known has been considerable, and the pro- 

 posals of progress now struggling to birth in 

 practice promise immense results, particularly 

 through the isolation of consumptives and dis- 

 infection of their quarters as in other infectious 

 diseases, and the rigorous sanitary control of 

 cows, from the milk of which animals, in their 

 domesticated and inbreeding conditions, it is 

 believed that consumption generally, and ty- 

 phoid frequently, have been propagated. 



In the great and paramount matter of water 

 sanitation, also, the progress of recent years has 

 been entirely in extending the practice of pre- 

 viously discovered methods. Of these, the per- 

 fect sanitation of drinking water by the Hyatt 

 filter (when properly used) is central, and indeed 

 all-sufficient. The adoption of this defense 

 against malign organisms and organic contam- 

 inations in water has lately extended consider- . 

 ably in private and corporate establishments, 

 insomuch that the consolidated companies now 

 peacefully enjoying together the use of the 

 Hyatt patents are reported to be making money. 



The great question of sewage disposal con- 

 tinues in the unsettled and unsatisfactory con- 

 dition of old, between irrigation and precipitate 

 filtration, which should probably be tried in 

 combination, the reduced sludge 'being plowed 

 into cultivated soil. The sewage of the World's 

 Columbian Exposition was solidified by the 

 Shone system, and consumed in the Engle Gar- 

 bage Cremator with the garbage and other waste 

 of the premises, the whole averaging over 40 

 tons per day, at a cost, as officially reported, of 

 but 60 cents per ton, and without the slightest 

 exhalation, offensive or otherwise, appreciable 

 by the senses. 



'SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms 

 of northern Europe united by the treaty of 

 Kiel, concluded on Jan. 14, 1814, under one 



sovereign. King Oscar II, born Jan. 21, 1829, 

 is the grandson of Marshal Bernadotte, Prince 

 of Ponte Corvo, who became King in 1818 under 

 the style of Carl XIV. 



Sweden. The legislative power is vested in 

 the Riksdag or Diet, composed of two Houses, 

 of which the upper, consisting of 147 members, 

 is elected by the provincial and municipal bodies, 

 and the other, containing 228 members, by all 

 qualified voters. 



The executive power is exercised by the sov- 

 ereign on the advice of the Council of State, 

 which in the beginning of 1893 was composed of 

 the following members: Minister of State, Erik 

 Gustaf Bostrom ; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Count Carl Lewenhaupt; Minister of Justice, 

 August Ostergren ; Minister of the Interior, 

 Victor Lennart Groll : Minister of Finance, 

 Baron Fredrik yon Essen; Minister of Educa- 

 tion and Worship, Gunnar Wennerberg ; Min- 

 ister of War, Baron A. E. Rappe ; Minister of 

 Marine, Baron C. G. von Otter ; ministers with- 

 out portfolios, Baron A. L. E. Akerhielm and 

 Sven Herman Wikblad. During the year Ad- 

 miral J. C. E. Christerson succeeded Baron von 

 Otter as Minister of Marine and Dr. G. F. Giljam 

 became Minister of Education. 



Area and Population. The area of Sweden 

 is 170,979 square miles. The population was 

 computed to be 4,806,865 on Jan 1, 1893, of 

 whom 2,327,883 were of the male and 2,478,982 

 of the female sex. The number of marriages in 

 1891 was 27.940; of births, 139,072; of deaths, 

 84,159; excess of births, 54,913. The emigra- 

 tion was* 42,776 and the immigration 6.114. 

 Stockholm, the capital, had 252,574 inhabitants 

 in 1892 and Goteborg 107,965. 



Finances. The budget for 1894 estimates 

 the ordinary revenue at 22,183,000 kroner (1 

 krona = 27 cents). The extraordinary revenue 

 is estimated at 75,200,000 kroner, of which 37,- 

 500,000 kroner are derived from customs, 8,100,- 

 000 kronor from posts, 13,700,000 kronor from 

 impost on spirits, 3,500,000 kronor from stamps, 

 2,600,000 kronor from the impost on beets, 9,- 

 300,000 kronor from the income tax, and 500,000 

 kronor from various sources. The total expendi- 

 tures are estimated at 97,283,000 kronor, of 

 which 1,320,000 kronor are for the civil list, 

 3,954,000 kronor for justice, 611,250 kronor for 

 foreign affairs. 26,776,686 kronor for the army, 

 9,503,400 kronor for the navy, 6,937,000 kronor 

 for the interior, 17,631,400 kronor for finances, 

 14,225,000 kronor for public worship and in- 

 struction, 4,639,764 kronor for pensions, 10.933,- 

 600 kronor for the public debt, and 749,900 

 kronor for various other expenses. The public 

 debt on Jan. 1, 1893, was 273,905,763 kronor. 



Commerce. The total value of imports for 

 1891 was 369,698,000 kronor and of exports 

 323,498,000 kronor. Of the imports, the princi- 

 pal articles were : Coal, 30.958,000 kronor ; rye 

 and wheat, 28,753,000 kronor; coffee, 26,936,000 

 kronor ; woolen goods, 23,936,000 kronor ; ma- 

 chinery, 14,190,000 kronor; cotton, 13,429,000 

 kronor; cotton goods, 10,176,000 kronor. The 

 principal articles of export were: Timber, 111,- 

 376,000 kronor; butter, 32,505.000 kronor; iron, 

 31,915,000 kronor; paper. 22,913,000 kronor; 

 oats, 19,781,000 kronor; fish, 17,116,000 kronor; 

 matches, 9,423,000 kronor; wood pulp, 8,941,000 



