S\Vi:i>KN AND NORWAY. 



kroner; animal*, 6,715,000 kroner; iron mnnu- 

 fa.'iinv-.. -t.:il!i,(MH kronor; cotinn goods, B 

 (MM) kr..n..r; machines :i;j:{7,(HM) kroner. Of the 

 iiii|Kiris, 1 I'.i,s;;i;.uOO kroner were from Germany. 

 ..(KK) kroner from Great Britain, 44,690,000 

 kroiMir fnnii 1 >cumark, 38.505,000 kronor from 

 Norway,27,316,000 kronor from Russia and l-'in- 

 land, and I'J.Ho.'i.OOO kronor from the t'nitcd 

 Stat.-s. Of the exports, 146,385.000 kroner went 

 to (iri-iit Britain, :i7,*7<5.<MH) kroner to Germany, 

 :;;.::!H,000 kroner to Denmark. 84404,000 kronor 

 to France, and under 20,000,000 kroner each to 

 Norway, Holland, Kuia, and Belgium. The 

 exports to the United States were 664,000 

 kronor in value. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 in 1891 was 31,247, of 5,622,000 tons, of which 

 11,201, of 2,479 tons, were with cargoes. The 

 number cleared was 29,694, of 5,663,000 t<>n^; 

 Jl.:;s.-> of them, of 4,327 tons, with cargoes. Of 

 the vessels entered, 14,950 were Swedish, 2,431 

 Norwegian, and 13,866 foreign. The number of 

 steamers entered was 13,239, of 4,043,000 tons. 

 The mercantile shipping on the registers in 

 1892 comprised 2,979 sailing vessels, of 377,667 

 tons, and 1,181 steamers, of 152,493 tons. 



Communications. The railroads in 1893 had 

 a total length of 5,285 miles, of which 1,760 

 miles belonged to the state and 3,525 miles to 

 companies. 



The post-office in 1891 forwarded 47,817,000 

 domestic and 12,574,000 international letters, 

 5,359,000 domestic and 810,000 international 

 postal cards, and 52,417,000 domestic and 6,172,- 

 000 international circulars, journals, etc. The 

 receipts were 10,797,723 francs; expenses, 10,- 

 351,818 francs. 



The telegraph lines in 1892 had a length of 

 7,970 miles, of which 5,440 miles belonged to 

 the Government. The total length of wire was 

 23,655 miles. The number of paid messages 

 sent in 1892 was 1,156,746 in the interior, 678,231 

 abroad, and 190,492 in transit. The receipts 

 were 2,021,687 francs ; expenses, 831,825 francs. 



The Army and Navy. The law of Dec. 2, 

 1892, makes every Swede liable to military serv- 

 ice from his twenty-first to his fortieth year. 

 Recruits are instructed ninety days altogether, all 

 in the first year for the cavalry and sixty-eight 

 days in the first and twenty-two in the second 

 year for the other arms. The privileged position 

 of the inhabitants of Gottland has been abolished. 

 The effective strength of the active army in 1893 

 was 38,802 men, including 1,953 officers. The 

 war effective is 272,553 men, not including 150,- 

 000 in the Landsturm. 



The war fleet in 1893 comprised 3 armor-clad 

 turret ships, 4 ironclad monitors, 10 armored 

 gunboats, 1 frigate, 3 corvettes, 9 first-class and 

 5 second-class gunboats, 1 torpedo catcher, 4 

 first-class, 9 second-class, and 7 third-class tor- 

 pedo boats, 2 school ships, and 2 transports, 

 having a total armament of 97 great and 196 

 small guns. 



Politics. The advocates of universal suffrage 

 arranged for the election of a convention by 

 popular vote which was called the Folkriksdau', 

 or People's Diet, which met in March at the 

 same time as the regular Diet. The Conscrva- 

 tivcs took no part in the movement, but the 

 Socialists and the Liberals awakened a general 

 VOL. xxxin. 45 A 



nig the working people and the agri- 

 id brought out their full vote. Undi-r 



t among 

 culturists, an< 



the Swedish Constitution no one hag a vote 

 who does not own land of the assessed value of 

 1,000 kroner, or has net farmed for five yean 

 land valued at 6,000 kronor, or does not pay a 

 tax on an income of 800 kronor. This restricts 

 the suffrage to 6 per cent, of the population. 

 The popular convention addressed an appeal to 

 the legal Riksdag to consider an amendment for 

 the extension of the suffrage, but the latter, by a 

 vote of 118 to 94, refused to allow the subject to 

 be discussed. 



The Riksdag has authorized the reorganiza- 

 tion of the army, which requires large expendi- 

 tures and new ta'xes. The Government proposes 

 also to build 15 new cruisers, 50 torpedo boats, 

 and 6 avisos. The friends of the Government, 

 to set a patriotic example and encourage the 

 people to make the necessary sacrifices, insti- 

 tuted a national week of voluntary abstinence, 

 the savings from which were contributed to the 

 Government for military purposes. 



The result of the general elections, which 

 ended in September, was to strengthen the 

 hands of the Moderate Free Traders and arrest 

 the Protectionist movement. The new Cham- 

 ber is composed of 85 old Conservative Protec- 

 tionists, 40 Moderate Free Traders, and 103 

 Free-Trade Radicals, who .have declared for a 

 wide extension of the franchise and ultimate 

 universal suffrage and for the legislative regula- 

 tion of the hours of labor. 



Norway. The representative assembly is the 

 Storthing, elected for three years by universal 

 suffrage in two degrees. One fourth of the mem- 

 bers are separated to form the Lagthing which 

 acts as an upper chamber, while the other three 

 fourths constitute the Odelsthing, where all legis- 

 lation is initiated. Bills rejected by the Lag- 

 thing may be made law by a two-third vote of 

 the whole Storthing. 



The ministry, at the beginning of 1893, was 

 composed of the following members : Minister of 

 State, J. W. C. Steen ; Minister of Finance and 

 Customs, J. W. C. Steen ; Minister of Public 

 Works, H. T. Nysom ; Minister of Education 

 and Ecclesiastical Affairs, C. C. Berner; Minis- 

 ter of the Interior, Wollert Konow ; Minister of 

 Justice, 0. A. Qvam ; Minister of National De- 

 fense, Lieut-Col. P. T. Hoist ; Minister of State 

 at Stockholm, 0. A. Blehr. 



Area and Population. The area of Norway 

 is 124,495 square miles. The population, as as- 

 certained by the census of Jan. 1, 1891, was 

 1.988,674, of whom 951.290 were males and 1,037,- 

 384 were females. The urban population was 

 463,631, the rural population 1.525,043. The 

 number of marriages in 1891 was 18,179; of 

 births. 61.721 ; of deaths. 34.856; excess of births, 

 26,865. The emigration in 1892 was 17,049. 

 Christiania, the capital, had 148,213 inhabitants 

 present on Jan. 1, 1891. 



Finances. The receipts of the treasury for 

 the financial year 1891-'92 were 50,242,600 

 kroner, whereof 22.017.300 kroner were derived 

 from customs, :{,r)97,600 kroner from spirit duties, 

 J.-J.V 1.500 kroner from a malt duty, 7.531,900 

 krotu-r from railroads. ;?.(t:Hi.!KX) kroner from 

 I.'-': !2,400 kroner from telegraphs. 1,411,- 

 600 kroner from state domains, forests, and 



