16 



ARCHAEOLOGY. 



as practiced at Chatelineau was shown by the 

 iron oiv and castings, also by steel plates and 

 iron in large -heets: while from Moulinscame 

 copper and brass wire, utensils, and plates. 

 Siiu r ar refineries had their displays, and guns, 

 rilles, and cart rid gc-s exemplified an ability to 

 destroy , while the piano and other musical in- 

 struments testified to a power to plea<e. In- 

 laid floors, rich embossed lea! her for wall and 

 ftirnituiv coverings, beautiful tapestries ()iiaint 

 and tasteful furniture, afforded evidence of the 

 skill of the makers in Antwerp and Brussels 

 in household decoration. There were excep- 

 tionally fine exhibits of canned fruit and the 

 national gingerbread, while a largo space was 

 devoted to the mineral-water exhibit from Spa. 

 Imported industries as that of sponges from 

 the Mediterranean and the West Indies, with 

 illustrations of their treat ment were shown. 

 Exported industries came in for consideration 

 with the Congo exhibit, while from that remote 

 colony were shown quantities of gum copal, 

 caoutchouc extracted from the roots of plants, 

 and elephants' tusks, both in the rough and cut 

 into ornaments. These and many other exhibits 

 were evidences of the commercial industries and 

 enterprise of one of the smallest countries of 

 Hurope. It was a display in every way worthy 

 of Belgium and her people. 



The colonial exhibits were unusually full. 

 Specialties from the colonies of Great Britain, 

 France, Portugal, and Holland showed that their 

 products were receiving a wider distribution 

 than formerly. Articles formerly indigenous 

 to special localities were shown to be obtaining 

 a wider field of cultivation, and more and more 

 th- different colonies showed an ability to pro- 

 vide for their individual wants, thus" making 

 them independent of European and American 

 markets. 



Coming so soon after our own Chicago fair, it 

 was but natural that the exhibits should not 

 represent that- which was best in this country: 

 and the exhibition, as far as the I'nitcd States 

 was concerned, was unsatisfactory. It included, 

 according to competent authority, a pitiful array 

 of "tobacco, varnishes, musical instruments from 

 a linn in Chicago, cases of pills, the caligraph, 

 steam radiators, some bathtubs, a few easy 

 chai'-s, bottles of whisky, alarm clocks, bags of 

 flour from the Northwest, drills from Ohio, and 

 car-wheels from Buffalo." Yet withal a fair 

 number of medals were received by American 

 exhibitors. 



The day appointed for the end of the exposi- 

 tion wa< N'ov. \'2, and at that time it was closed. 



ARCHEOLOGY. Archaeology, says Prof. .1. 

 I*. MahafTy, is making strides as rapid as those 

 of physical science. Kvery year brings us not 

 only new discoveries but new explanations of 

 facts hitherto misunderstood, so that our whole 

 appreciation of ancient life and manners is grad- 

 ually changing. 



American. A department of archa-ology and 

 palaeontology has been established in t he Uni- 

 ver-ity of Pennsylvania, for the furtherance of 

 instruction in those branches and the pursuance 

 of investigation in them by sending out explor- 

 ing expeditions. Considerable collections have 

 been secured for the museum, including photo- 

 graphic illustrations of objects at Copan, Hon- 



duras; a series of Oriental games ; other games; 

 the Somerville collection of gems and talismans ; 

 a -cries obtained from the Sultan of Johore; 

 Chinese porcelain images; masks, weapons, etc., 

 from Ceylon : military banners from Corea; and 

 [ndo-Greek sculptures from Afghanistan. Ex- 

 cavations have been .continuously carried on at 

 Nitl'er, in Mesopotamia, where the temple of 

 Bel has been nearly uncovered; many inscribed 

 stones, cuneiform tablets, etc., of about 4000 B. c. 

 have been secured, from which a collection of 

 inscriptions has been published. 



Prehistoric relics have been found in Salvador, 

 Central America, indicating the existence of both 

 Mexican and Peruvian influences there ; but it 

 has not been determined certainly whether these 

 relics are truly of Salvadorean origin or have 

 been brought there from the north and the 

 south. Really scientific excavations are not as 

 yet practicable there, because of the jealousy of 

 the Indians. The double vases called silvadores, 

 Fig. 1, Xo. 7. are of a style classical in Peru, and 

 the chicha drinker, No. 2, is also a Peruvian 

 pattern. The balsam-tribute vessel. No. 6, may 

 help solve the problem of origin. The precious 

 healing balm, extracted long before the conquest 

 from the bark of the Myroxylon pnbescens and 

 .17. h<ilx<ii)iij't'nini by the Nahuatl Indians of the 

 balsam coast of Salvador, was for a long time 

 an important article in the tribute which they, 

 paid to their Toltec and Aztec rulers. The Span- 

 iards learned to appreciate its value, and, in order 

 to avoid the filibusters, sent it to Europe by way 

 of Callao, Panama, and Nombre de Dios whence 

 its name of balsam of Peru. The fragment 

 Xo. 4 attracts attention by the appearance of 

 tattooing, or rather, perhaps, as tattooing is not 

 known to have been practiced in the region, of 

 painted stripes, on the face. The relief head on 

 the vase No. 8 appears as if covered with a mask 

 of human skin. The figure on the vase No. 9 is 

 remarkable for being bearded, while the Indians 

 were beardless, and may lend apparent support 

 to the story of America having been visited at 

 times by foreigners. The vase No. 3 is of Peru- 

 vian style, and is marked with ornamental de- 

 signs usually regarded as Grecian. The fact 

 illustrates the resemblances often found between 

 primitive human works in the most distantly 

 separated regions. The type of the statue in 

 lava, No. 5, with its posture of prayer, is fre- 

 quently met in Central America. Such figures 

 are found in dimensions varying from a few 

 inches to 20 or 25 feet. The polychrome vase, 

 No. 9, is 15 centimetres high, and represents 

 some undetermined divinity of a type clearly 

 Mexican. 



The native calendar of Central America and 

 Mexico, which differs completely from the cal- 

 endars of the ancient nations of the Old World, 

 has been studied by Dr. D. G. Brinton from the 



C'nt of view of linguistics and symbolism. The 

 is of this calendar is a month of twenty days. 

 Kach day is designated by a name of some ob- 

 ject, animate or inanimate, and is numbered be- 

 sides, but only from one to thirteen, when the 

 numbering begins again at the unit. The result 

 of this combination evidently is that a day bear- 

 ing both the same name and the same number 

 will not recur until thirteen of the months have 

 elapsed. This gives a period or cycle of two 



