BRAZIL. 



south the insurgent army had begun to break 

 up, Gen. Salgado having disbanded his force in 

 Parana and returned, to Rio Grande do Sul. 

 Sarah a and Cubeda, the other insurgent com- 

 manders in the south, were Uruguayans, and 

 most of their men were foreign mercenaries. 



(>ii Maivh 12 Admiral Saldanha da Gama 

 oflVivd through the Portuguese minister to 

 sunvmli'i- on the terms of immunity for all con- 

 nected with the rebellion, the officers who were 

 imprisoned to be amnestied, and all superior 

 officers to be allowed to resign their commissions 

 on promising never again to take up arms against 

 Hraxil. Then he took refuge on board the Por- 

 tuguese man-of-war, and sent another message 

 taking that the officers should be permitted to 

 leave the country, and that the lives of the pri- 

 vates be spared. President Peixoto replied to 

 hot h propositions that no terms would be accept- 

 ed save unconditional surrender. At noon on 

 March 13 Forts Santa Cruz, Lage, Sao Joao, and 

 the Nictheroy batteries opened fire on Fort 

 Villegaignon,*and kept it up for an hour, when 

 it was stopped because no shots were returned. 

 Two hours later the city batteries and the forts 

 poured shot and shell upon the forts on Co- 

 l.ras Island and Villegaignon, and into the rebel 

 ships, except such as had sheltered themselves 

 among the foreign shipping, and when this 

 continued for another hour without getting a 

 reply the fleet under Admiral Goncalves moved 

 up the bav and Government troops took posses- 

 sion of the forts. The forts were already de- 

 serted, and the officers and crews had abandoned 

 the vessels before the firing began. After the 

 second bombardment a launch was sent around 

 from ship to ship and the white ensign of the 

 rebellion was hauled down. The crews were 

 taken to Enchadas Island, and only a surgeon 

 remained with them when they surrendered 

 themselves. The officers and a part of the sail- 

 ors took refuge on the foreign vessels, and finally 

 most of them, to the number of 518, came to- 

 gether on the Portuguese men-of-war. Presi- 

 dent Peixoto made a formal demand for their 

 surrender, promising that they should be tried 

 by the ordinary tribunals. The Portuguese 

 commander refused to deliver them up without 

 orders from his Government. When he at- 

 tempted to leave the harbor he was stopped by 

 the forts. Being allowed later to go outside, he 

 :il for Montevideo, and when the Uruguayan 

 authorities refused to enter his vessels with the 

 Brazilian refugees on board he went into quar- 

 antine at Buenos Ayres. The Argentine offi- 

 cials were willing to let them land, but. the Por- 

 .itched them closely to prevent their 

 jiing, though they suffered horribly for lack 

 of proper food and shelter, and some of them 

 ^receded in getting ashore by leaping over the 

 's side. In the controversy between the 

 Brazilian and the Portuguese goVernments the 

 Kngiish and Italian cabinets interposed to urge 

 humane counsels and respect for the asylum of 

 men who had committed no crime at common 

 law. Thus encouraged, Portugal refused to 

 surrender the refugees, maintaining that to com- 

 ply with the Brazilian demand would be contrary 

 to the principles of humanity and opposed to all 

 precedents of international law established in 

 similar cases. The governments of the United 



States, France, and Germany refused to join in 

 the petition of England and Italy. The Portu- 

 guese Government declared that the refugees 

 would be landed nowhere except on Portuguese 

 territory, and under such conditions that they 

 would not be able to return to Brazil to take 

 further part in the civil strife. While a vessel 

 was coming over the ocean to take them to Por- 

 tugal, 150 of the insurgents, with the aid of 

 friends, escaped, April 8, on lighters that came 

 alongside on the pretense of delivering provi- 

 sions, the Portuguese sailors making no effort 

 this time to detain them ; but the " Albuquerque " 

 pursued one of the rescuing vessels, and by force 

 of arms took from her 250 of the escaping Bra- 

 zilians. The Brazilian minister demanded the 

 surrender of those who succeeded in landing at 

 the quarantine station, but the Argentine offi- 

 cials declared that they would never surrender 

 political refugees. The Argentine Government 

 made a demand on the Portuguese authorities 

 for the liberation of the refugees who were re- 

 taken from an Argentine craft, and finally the 

 Portuguese Government conceded the point and 

 apologized. In the end, Admiral da Gama and 

 most of the insurgents detained by the Portu- 

 guese made their escape from the transport to 

 which they had been transferred in Uruguayan 

 waters, aided by friends in Montevideo. 



The nominal head of the Provisional Govern- 

 ment established at Desterro was Frederico Guil- 

 herme de Lorena, who was regarded only as a 

 figurehead, having done nothing besides sending 

 a circular to the powers praying for the recogni- 

 tion of the insurgents. When Mello returned 

 to the south he rallied Salgado again to the 

 Autonomist cause, had a line of fortifications 

 built on the Sao Joao frontier, and reorgan- 

 ized the Provisional Government, assuming the 

 presidency himself on the retirement of Lore- 

 na, and appointing in the place of the Cabinet 

 a commission of 3 men representing the 3 re- 

 volted States. Lorena and the officers of his 

 Cabinet, as well as others who had been identi- 

 fied with the revolt, condemned Mello's new 

 programme as a menace to the unity of the re- 

 public, and accepted the election of a civilian 

 president as a moral triumph for their party. 

 The naval force consisted of the " Republica," 

 " Aquidaban." " Iris," " Meteor," " Uranus," 

 " Esperanza," 2 seagoing torpedo boats, and 6 

 transports. Gen. Saraiva had about 3,000 men 

 and Gen. Salgado 1,500, equipped with Krupp 

 and other artillery. In Rio Grande were about 

 3,800 men, in the commands of Gen. Tavares 

 and Gen. Cabeda, fighting against Gov. Castilhos 

 and the loyal faction. A victory was won by 

 Gen. Pena, who defeated the loyalists and cap- 

 tured the town of Santa Maria. But the ene- 

 mies of Gov. Castilhos soon repudiated the Junta 

 at Desterro while continuing to fight their own 

 battles under Gen. Tavares. When Peixoto's 

 troops, under Gen. Ferreira, entered Parana the 

 rebels evacuated Curitiba and the inland points, 

 falling back upon Paranagua, where the " Re- 

 publica" was stationed. Early in April Admi- 

 ral de Mello attacked the city of Rio Grande by 

 sea and Gen. Salgado by land with 3,000 men 

 that were brought by the fleet from Desterro. 

 They gained possession of the suburbs, but 

 through want of harmony and co-operation be- 



