84 



BRAZIL. 



damages resulting from the stoppage of railroad 

 contracts, the impressment of its citizens, inter- 

 ference with navigation, etc., and proposed to 

 refer them to the arbitration of the President of 

 the United States. 



An old boundary dispute with France regard- 

 ing the limits of Cayenne demanded settlement 

 on account of discoveries of gold and consequent 

 rapid settlement of the debatable territory. Ihe 

 Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 fixed the Japock riv- 

 er as the boundary. This river has been identi- 

 fied by the French with the Mapok, which flows 

 into (he ocean opposite the island of Maraca, 

 near Cape North, and by the Brazilians with the 

 Oyapok, 60 miles north of the other river. Ihe 

 country between them is covered with dense for- 

 ests which have not been explored and contain 

 no inhabitants except the Roucouyenne Indians, 

 who pay no taxes or allegiance to either Govern- 

 ment, "Both governments having refused to ex- 

 ercise jurisdiction, a French merchant named 

 Jules Grss once proclaimed an independent re- 

 public which he called Counani, after the prin- 

 cipal Indian settlement, of which he assumed 

 the presidency ; but he laid down his office when 

 informed by President Grevy that France claimed 

 the sovereignty, but did not exercise it because 

 her rights were disputed. Along the Carsevenne 

 river, south of the town of Counani, a negro from 

 Cayenne found, in April, 1894, remarkably rich 

 deposits of alluvial gold. In a short time the 

 country was flooded by prospectors from the 

 Guianas, the West Indies, Venezuela, and Central 

 America. Many who returned with treasure were 

 waylaid by robbers or pirates. The Brazilian 

 Government proposed that a joint commission 

 should survey the contested territory. 



Induction of a New President. After the 

 war was over, the rigorous military government 

 and the ascendency of the army against which 

 the naval patriots took up arms were more pro- 

 nounced t han ever. The state of siege continued, 

 and a great many persons, some of them promi- 

 ii. -m in politics or the services, were imprisoned. 

 There were complaints of arbitrary and ground- 

 less arrests, the outcome of private grudges. 

 Frequent, changes were made in the Cabinet. 

 l'iv>idi-nt. I'eixoto strengthened all branches of 

 the army, and increased the number of troops 

 from 14,000 to 24.000. Large purchases of rifles 

 ma' If. in Germany. Bitter attacks were 

 male against the President in Congress, but in 

 the bei,'itmin<:of November, when all fears of his 

 assuming a dictatorship were dispelled, Congress 

 da resolution approving his acts by 108 

 bill \v ;i s p;i<-ed providing for the 

 expulsion of seditious foreigners. 



Prmiente .Jose de Monies was inaugurated 

 lent, mi Nov. !.">. lie promised, in his ad- 

 dn-s-. ;.) do all in his power to eradicate section- 

 al ditTen-nees. ;i inl to -.<-nre to every law-abid- 

 ing citi/.en the fullest liberty; his administra- 

 tion he meant to make one of economy, to be 

 distinguished by the reduction of the. public 

 debt, the restoration of a sound currency, and 

 tin: reduction .if the standing army and "navy. 

 II.- eh-)M> as ministers moderate men, most of 

 whom had left, Vice- I'lv-idm), 1 Vixoto's Cabinet 

 because of the extreme measures adopted by the 

 latter durinir tin- revolution. The portfolios 

 were allotted as follow: Minister of Finance, 



BRETHREN, OR TUNKERS. 



Rodrigues Alves; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Carlos Carvalho ; Minister of Industry and Pub- 

 lic Works, Antonio Olyntho : Minister of the In- 

 terior, Goncalves Ferreira ; Minister of War, Gen. 



PRUDENTE JOSE DE MORAES. 



Benjamin Vasques; Minister of Marine, Admi- 

 ral Elisario Barbosa. The new President imme- 

 diately upon assuming office dispatched Gen. 

 Niemeyer to Rio Grande do Sul with a commis- 

 sion to treat with the Federal revolutionists with 

 a view to bringing the rebellion to an end. 



BRETHREN, OR TUNKERS. TheTunkers 

 were divided in 1882-'83, as a result of the growth 

 of modern ideas and a disposition to tolerate in- 

 novations on the part of a portion of their mem- 

 bership, into three branches, which are currently 

 known as the Progressive, the Conservative, and 

 the Old Order Brethren. The Progressive Breth- 

 ren separated from the main body because they 

 regarded the decisions of the annual meeting 

 against conformity to the world arid in respect 

 to matters of dress and manner of living too 

 strict. They are represented, according to the 

 statistics given in the United States census, in 

 15 States, being strongest in Pennsylvania, Ohio, 

 and Indiana, and have 8,089 communicants. The 

 Conservative Brethren are the largest of the three 

 branches, and are represented in 28 States and 2 

 Territories, being strongest in Pennsylvania, Ohio, 

 and Indiana, and have 61,101 communicant mem- 

 bers. They -have established Sunday schools and 

 schools for the higher education, and conduct 

 missionary enterprises. The Old Order Breth- 

 ren adhere more strictly to the principle of non- 

 conformity than do either of the other bodies, 

 and oppose as innovations such institutions as 

 Sunday schools and schools for the higher edu- 

 cation and all yielding to worldly customs. 

 They even oppose the collection of statistics of 

 themselves. They are represented in 19 States, 

 being strongest in Ohio, and have, as nearly as 

 can be ascertained, 4,411 communicants. 



The National Conference of Brethren Churches, 

 representing the more progressive branch, was 

 held in Ashland, Ohio, in the last week in August. 

 The society has a college and publishing house 



