144 



COLOMBIA. 



orange groves. During 1893, 30,000 tons of do- 

 mestic and 69,000 of foreign phosphate were 

 shipped. 



Watertown, a city of Wisconsin, in Dodge 

 and Jefferson Counties, on both sides of Rock 

 river, 37 miles from Madison, 44 from Mil- 

 waukee, and 129 from Chicago. It has a popu- 

 lation of 10,000, two thirds of which are Ger- 

 man and one third English and Irish. Of the 

 7 wards into which it is divided, 5 are in Jeffer- 

 son County and the fifth and sixth in Dodge. It 

 lies in the heart of the richest farming district of 

 the State, and is on the main line of the Chica- 

 go, Milwaukee and St. Paul and on the Chicago 

 and Northwestern Railroads, the receipts of both 

 of which amount to more than $350,000 yearly. 

 The city is regularly laid out, the streets cross- 

 ins: each other at right angles ; they are broad, 

 and lined with shade trees, many are macad- 

 amized, and there are good sidewalks. The build- 

 ings and residences are for the most part of 

 brick, and the manufacturing districts lie mainly 

 along the river, which is crossed by 8 bridges. 

 A fine sewerage system has been completed at a 

 cost of about $100,000. Water, supplied by ar- 

 tesian wells, can be obtained at a depth of 50 

 feet. The volunteer fire department is fully 

 equipped. In addition to gas, electric lighting 

 was introduced in 1889. One of the 3 banks is 

 national. Of the 16 churches, 2 are Catholic, 1 

 Congregational, 1 Episcopal, 1 German Baptist, 

 1 Evangelical, 1 Evangelical Protestant, 4 Lu- 

 theran, 3 Methodis (1 Welsh), 1 Moravian, and 1 

 German Reformed. The Catholic College of 

 Our Lady of the Sacred Heart and the Lutheran 

 Northwestern University are located here, and, 

 in addition to 5 public schools and a high school, 

 there are 5 Lutheran parochial and several 

 private schools. Four weekly newspapers are 

 published, 2 in German. The total receipts of 

 the Government from Watertown in 1893 were 

 $54,000, of which $43,700 were internal-revenue 

 and $10,446 post-office receipts. During 1893 

 free postal delivery was introduced. The in- 

 dustrial establishments of the city include 3 

 large flouring mills, with a daily capacity of 900 

 barrels, giving employment to about 60 men ; 2 

 machine and boiler shops, employing 75 men ; 1 

 shoe factory, employing 100 persons : 2 large 

 malt houses', with an annual capacity of 100,000 

 bushels ; 2 large breweries, with an annual 

 capacity of 90,000 barrels, employing 90 men ; 6 

 cigar factories, employing 200 men ; 1 furniture, 

 1 box, and 1 cracker factory, in addition to other 

 establishments, employing about 300 persons; 

 and 4 brickyards, turning out 15,000,000 bricks 

 every season. These employ 300 men. Water- 

 town was first settled in 1836 from Watertown, 

 N. Y., from which it was named, and incor- 

 porated as a village in 1849. In 1853 it received 

 its city charier. 



COLOMBIA, a republic in South America. 

 Tin- President holds office for six years. The 

 Congress consists of a Senate, in which each of 

 the 9 departments is represented by 3 members, 

 elected for six years, and a House of Representa- 

 tives, in which there are 68 members, 1 to every 

 50,000 of population, elected for four years by di- 

 rect suffrage. Every elector must be able to read 

 and write, or must possess real estate worth 

 1,500 pesos, or have an annual income of 500 



pesos. Dr. Rafael Nunez was elected President 

 for the fourth term in 1892, an honorary dis- 

 tinction, for the Vice-President, M. A. Caro, has 

 discharged the duties of the office. The Con- 

 gress meets every two years, and each house elects 

 a new presiding officer every month during the 

 session. The ministers at the beginning of 1894 

 were : Interior, J. M. C. Serrano ; Foreign Affairs, 

 M. F. Suarez ; Justice, E. Ruiz Barreto; Com- 

 merce and Communications, B. Bravo ; War, J. 

 D. 0. Comacho ; Instruction, L. Zerda ; Finance, 

 C. C. Reyes ; Public Works, J. M. Goenaza. 



Area and Population. The estimated area 

 of the republic is 330,756 square miles. The 

 population is estimated at 3,878,000. Bogota, 

 the capital, has about 120,000 inhabitants ; Me- 

 dillin, 40,000 ; Panama, 30,000 ; Cartagena, Bar- 

 ranquilla, and Bucaramanga, 20,000 each. The 

 national university had 1,083 students in 4 col- 

 leges, 14 normal schools had 587, and in the 

 1.822 primary schools, where education is free 

 but is not compulsory, there were 114,331 pupils 

 in 1893. 



Finances. The revenue for the two years 

 ending with 1894 was estimated in the budget 

 at 24,899,200 pesos, and expenditure at 27,322.- 

 136 pesos. A later estimate makes the revenue 

 30,580,000 pesos. The principal source is the 

 customs duties. The army is kept at 5,500 on 

 the peace footing. The Ministry of War has 

 lately purchased ordnance and other munitions, 

 and incurred expenses that, with a falling off 

 of customs revenue, caused a deficit in 1894 of 

 9,000,000 pesos. The internal debt in 1892 was 

 11,298,829 pesos, inclusive of 6,254,169 pesos of 

 floating liabilities, but exclusive of 18,700,000 

 pesos of paper currency. The foreign debt con- 

 sists of 1,913,376 of bonds issued in 1873, on 

 which 1,237,376 of defaulted interest was due 

 at the beginning of 1893. 



Commerce and Production. The country 

 is rich in gold and silver, the annual output of 

 both metals being about $3,250,000. Excellent 

 iron ore is worked up in the country, and salt is 

 obtained for all domestic needs from the Gov- 

 ernment salt mines at Zipaguira. Manganese 

 is mined near Colon. There are emerald mines 

 yielding a value of about $100,000 yearly. The 

 principal agricultural products are coffee, corn, 

 cacao, peanuts, and tobacco. The forests yield 

 rubber, cinchona, vegetable ivory, and dyewoods. 

 The imports for 1891 were valued at 14,447,860 

 pesos, and exports at 24,802,769 pesos. Of the 

 imports, Great Britain furnished 5,413,060 pesos ; 

 France, 3,158,100 pesos; Germany, 1,684,790 

 pesos; the United States, 3,643,730 pesos. Of 

 the exports. 9,063,740 pesos went to Great Brit- 

 ain, 8,245,180 pesos to the United States, 2.618,- 

 080 pesos to Germany, and 2,131,040 pesos to 

 France. The values of the chief exports were : 

 Coffee, 6,791,370 pesos ; gold and silver, 5,454,860 

 pesos; tobacco, 1,491,930 pesos; hides, 1,123,- 

 550 pesos. 



Communications. There are 218 miles of 

 railroad, including the Panama Transisthmian 

 line, the line of .20 miles connecting Barran- 

 quilla with the coast, and another completed 

 short railroad and completed sections of three- 

 projected lines. The ports are visited monthly 

 by English, American, German, and French 

 steamers. There are 6,016 miles of telegraph. 



