DENMARK. 



239 



poor children. The school age is from seven to 

 fourteen. There are 2,940 elementary schools, 

 with 231,940 pupils. There are 31 Latin high 

 schools, of which 14 are maintained by the Gov- 

 ernment ; 67 peasants' high schools, 99 commer- 

 cial and technical schools, 21 agricultural and 

 horticultural schools, a veterinary and agricul- 

 tural college, with 22 teachers, founded in 1892 ; 

 a recently established college of pharmacy, a 

 school of arts, and the University of Copen- 

 hagen, to which women are admitte'd in all fac- 

 ulties except theology, with a force of 40 pro- 

 fessors and about 1,300 students. The peasants' 

 high schools are attended during winter by 

 young men and during the summer months by 

 young women about 6,000 in the course of the 

 year. Half the expenses of maintenance and 

 instruction are borne by the state for about half 

 the students. Many of these have entered later 

 the agricultural and technical schools, where 

 they gained the knowledge that enabled them as 

 working farmers to turn to dairying when agri- 

 culture was threatened with ruin, and to place 

 Denmark in the lead as regards the breeding of 

 domestic animals and the quality of the butter 

 and cheese produced in their creameries. 



Finances. The revenue for 1891-'92 was 57,- 

 233.340 kroner (1 krone = 27 cents), of which 

 38,558,313 kroner were derived from indirect 

 imposts, 9,746,439 kroner from direct taxes, 

 4,132,013 kroner net from railroads, posts, and 

 telegraphs, 929,955 kroner net from domains 

 and forests, 907,533 kroner from the Govern- 

 ment lottery, 64,080 kroner from the Faroe Isles, 

 1,348,462 kroner from repayments, etc., and 

 1,546,545 kroner from various sources. The 

 expenditure was 64,974,837 kroner, of which 

 11,142,742 kroner were the ordinary expenditure 

 of the War Department, 8.762,762 kroner charges 

 of the debt, 7,217,318 kroner expenses of public 

 works, 6,843.002 kroner expenses of the navy, 

 3,801,880 kroner expenditure for justice, 3,734,- 

 076 kroner for the interior, 3.374.857 kroner 

 for financial administration, 3,329,918 kroner for 

 worship and instruction, 2,420,080 kroner for 

 civil pensions, 1,166,540 kroner for the civil list, 

 990.478 kroner for military pensions, 752.052 

 kroner for advances and subventions, 395.000 

 kroner for the Kigsdag, 392,976 kroner for for- 

 eign affairs, 106,616 kroner for the Council of 

 State, 92,664 kroner for the administration of 

 Iceland, and 10.451,876 kroner for extraordinary 

 purposes. Of the extraordinary expenditures. 

 4,581,815 kroner were for war, 1.766,480 kroner 

 for the marine, 1,681,366 kroner for worship and 

 instruction, 1,524,577 kroner for the interior, 

 634,986 kroner for finance, and 252,652 kroner 

 for justice. The estimated revenue for 1892-'93 

 was 54,683,727 kroner, and expenditure 58,578,- 

 341 kroner ; the budget estimate of revenue for 

 1893-'94 was 55,531,618 kroner, and expenditure 

 54,228,658 kroner. In the budget for 1894-'95 

 the revenue is estimated at 62,800,000 kroner, 

 and expenditure at 61,800,000 kroner. 



The foreign debt is only 9.940,750 kroner, pay- 

 ing 4 per cent, interest. The internal debt on 



March 31, 1892, amounted to 175,112,389 kroner, vessels, urmgmft *,voo,t/^ w^* v *. v^ & ~, ~~ 

 consisting of a perpetual debt of 103,494,059 at Danish ports, and 28,866 vessels, carrying 

 kroner, 70,214,729 kroner of terminable bonds, 558,096 tons of cargo, were cleared, 

 and 1,403.551 kroner of floating liabilities. The ures do not include 30,949 coasting vess 

 reserve fund and securities held by the state tered and 31,904 cleared. 



amounted in 1892 to 57,273.338 kroner. The 

 capital in railroads was 177,149,562 kroner. 



The Army. Personal military service was 

 made obligatory by the laws of 1867 and 1880, 

 lasting six months with the colors at the age of 

 twenty-two in the infantry and nine months in 

 the cavalry. The soldiers are then given leave 

 of absence, but during the eight years of their 

 service in the first ban they are occasionally 

 called out at the time of the grand manoauvres 

 for thirty days of exercises. The second ban also 

 lasts eight years. The annual recruit is 11,000 

 men. The army, consisting of 2 general com- 

 mands, is divided into 5 brigades, each brigade 

 consisting of 2 regiments of infantry and 1 of 

 cavalry, and each regiment of 3 battalions of the 

 line and the cadre of another battalion to be 

 made up from the second ban in time of war. 

 The Krag-Jorgensen rifle of 8 millimetres calibre 

 was introduced in 1889. The effective peace 

 strength of the army in 1893 was: Staff, 29 offi- 

 cers and 16 men ; infantry, 495 officers and 8,853 

 men ; cavalry, 88 officers and 1,157 men ; 12 bat- 

 teries of field artillery and 2 battalions of for- 

 tress artillery, 126 officers and 2,611 men ; 1 regi- 

 ment of engineers, 40 officers and 515 men ; 

 total, 778 officers and 13,152 men. 



The Navy. The war fleet, designed only for 

 coast defense, contains a single battle ship, the 

 " Helgoland," of 5,300 tons displacement, having 

 12 inches of armor on the water line and carry- 

 ing '1 36-ton, 4 22-ton, and 6 smaller guns. 

 There are 6 vessels of old type and light armor, 

 ranging from 2i to 8 inches, the largest of which 

 carry 18-, 13-, and 9-ton guns; also 2 armored 

 cruisers the " Tordenskjold," without side 

 armor and armed with a single 52-ton gun, and 

 the " Iver Hvitfeldt," protected with 11^-inch 

 plates, having 2 28-ton guns mounted in a bar- 

 bette. A heavier cruiser, not yet completed, of 

 4,500 tons, having 12 inches of armor, is designed 

 for the same armament. There are, moreover, 

 5 deck-protected cruisers. Most of the vessels 

 were built in Copenhagen. 



Commerce and Production. Dairy prod- 

 ucts, oats, rye., and barley, root crops, sugar, and 

 spirits are the principal products. The imports 

 in 1892 were valued at 324,537,214 kroner, and 

 exports at 252,318,525 kroner. The exports of 

 butter, eggs, pork, and lard amounted to 132,- 

 571 ,067 kroner; of live animals, 40.463,626 kro- 

 ner ; of cereals, 19,348,872 kroner. The trade was 

 distributed among foreign countries as follows : 



Navigation. During 1892 there were 28,691 

 essels, bringing 2,033,592 tons of cargo, entered 



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