248 



ECUADOR. 



EDUCATION, U. S. BUREAU OF. 



iaries, then crossed the lake to attack Makanjira. 

 After two days' fighting his chief town was 

 burned and his forces were driven from the 

 other places on the lake. A strong fort at his 

 chief town was built and garrisoned by Sikhs, 

 and the operations were continued from it 

 against Makanjira and his allies, who on Jan. 6, 

 1894, made a determined assault upon the fort 

 with 2,000 men. A strong force was sent out 

 against him, and after he was repeatedly de- 

 feated and all his villages were burned he sur- 

 rendered, on March 28, to the Imperial Commis- 

 sioner. The other hostile chiefs then made their 

 submission. 



German East Africa. The German sphere 

 of influence, as denned in the treaties of 1886 

 and 1890, has an area of about 400,000 square 

 miles and 2,900,000 inhabitants. The adminis- 

 tration is in the hands of an imperial governor, 

 Baron von Schele, while the German East Africa 

 Company, founded in 1885, is now restricted to 

 commercial operations, in which it is aided by 

 subsidies granted by the German Government 

 for a steamship line, steamers on the lakes, a 

 railroad, etc. The principal exports are ivory, 

 gum copal, coffee, caoutchouc, and sesame. Cot- 

 ton goods, rice, spirits, and iron goods are im- 

 ported. The German Government has decided 

 on the gradual extermination of slavery, and 

 now permits slaves to purchase their liberty. 

 The local administration is confided to native or 

 Arab chiefs, who have co-operated loyally in ad- 

 vancing the commerce and prosperity of the 

 country. The 10-mile strip of coast belonging to 

 the Sultan of Zanzibar within the German sphere 

 was purchased in 1890 for the sum of $1,000,000. 

 Portuguese East Africa. The colony of 

 Mozambique was constituted into the State of 

 East Africa by the decree of Sept. 30, 1891. The 

 head of the administration is a royal commis- 

 sioner, A. J. Ennes in 1894. The Rovuma river 

 was fixed on December 1, 1886, as the boundary 

 between the Portuguese possessions and German 

 East Africa. South of the mouth of this river 

 the district of Kionga formerly belonged to the 

 Sultan of Zanzibar, and when the Germans ac- 

 quired his territory they claimed this coast, ex- 

 tending to Tunghi Bay, asserting that the Por- 

 tuguese treaty dealt only with the Hinterland. 

 The Portuguese Government in 1891 and 1892 

 protested against such a construction. No cus- 

 tomhouse was established there, and the Ger- 

 mans complained that arms and powder were 

 smuggled into their territory by way of the 

 Rovuma. In July, 1894, German war ships occu- 

 pied the mouth of the Rovuma, and the German 

 flag was raised there. The Portuguese sent offi- 

 cers forthwith from Cape Delgado, and it was 

 arranged that the German and the Portuguese 

 flags should float side by side in Kionga pend- 

 ing a settlement of the question of sovereignty, 

 which Portugal was willing to refer to an arbi- 

 trator. This proposition was rejected by Ger- 

 many. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. 

 The Congress consists of a Senate of 32 mem- 

 bers, elected for four years, and a House of Rep- 

 resentatives, elected for two years, on the basis 

 of 1 member for every 30,000 inhabitants. All 

 are elected by direct limited suffrage, as also is 

 the President, who holds office for four years. 



The Vice-President, who is President of the 

 Council of State, is elected by the people at an 

 interval of two years from the election of the 

 President. Dr. Luis Cordero is President for 

 the term ending June 30, 1896. Dr. P. Herrera 

 was elected Vice-President in 1890. The Cab- 

 inet in the beginning of 1894 was composed of 

 the following ministers: Interior and Foreign 

 Affairs, P. J. Lizarzaburu ; Finance, V. L. Sa- 

 lazar ; Justice and Public Instruction, R. Espi- 

 noso; War and Marine, J. M. Savasti; Public 

 Works, F. A. Marin. 



Area and Population. The area is about 

 120,000. The population is estimated at 1,400,- 

 000, including wild Indians. The civilized popu- 

 lation is 1,271,860. Quito, the capital, has about 

 50,000 inhabitants. 



Commerce and Production. The staple 

 exportable product is cacao, besides which cof- 

 fee, sugar, and rice are grown. Alluvial gold is 

 obtained by native enterprise, and mines are ex- 

 ploited at Playa de Oro, Cachavi, and Uimbi by 

 American companies. Silver, lead, copper, iron, 

 and coal deposits are not worked to any consid- 

 erable extent, nor are the oil wells that exist 

 near Guayaquil. The total value of the imports 

 in 1892 was 7,241,095 sucres (1 sucre = 82 cents), 

 and of the exports, 7,351,800 sucres. 



Boundary Dispute with Peru. Incensed 

 at the rejection of the provisional boundary 

 treaty by the Peruvian Congress at the end of 

 1893, the people of Quito attacked the Peruvian 

 consulate. The Peruvians retaliated, and the 

 Ecuadorian minister sought refuge on board a 

 British man-of-war. He was recalled by his 

 Government, which demanded reparation for 

 insults its representatives had received from sev- 

 eral companies of Peruvian soldiers, armed and 

 under command. The offers of Great Britain, 

 the Pope, and Colombia to mediate were refused 

 by Ecuador, and the Ecuadorian troops were 

 placed on a war footing. Public subscriptions 

 were raised to equip the army and buy a fast 

 cruiser. Peruvians left Ecuador by thousands, 

 and Ecuadorians settled in Peru returned home. 

 New fortifications were erected at the entrance 

 to Guayaquil harbor, and were mounted with 

 Hotchkiss and Maxim guns. Petitions were 

 circulated urging Congress to nullify the Garcia- 

 Herrera boundary convention. A Peruvian 

 plenipotentiary w*as sent to Quito, but he ef- 

 fected nothing. Finally the friendly interven- 

 tion of Colombia was accepted, and 'after long 

 negotiations a protocol was signed at Lima on 

 Dec. 12. 1894, submitting the boundary dispute 

 to the arbitration of Spain. 



Financial Difficulties. In July the Minis- 

 ter of Finance resigned in consequence of a vote 

 of censure accusing him of manipulating the 

 accounts in order to conceal a deficit. Both 

 houses of Congress voted to suspend the pay- 

 ment of interest on the foreign debt. The sup- 

 pression of the legations of Ecuador abroad was 

 resolved upon. A currency scheme was ap- 

 proved by which silver is to be replaced by 

 paper notes based on gold. 



EDUCATION, UNITED STATES BU- 

 REAU OF, created as a department March 2, 

 1867, and made an office of the Interior Depart- 

 ment July 1, 1869, is in a plain, fire-proof brick 

 building on the corner of G and Eighth Streets, 



