284 



FRANCE. 



042 Italians, 83,333 Germans, 83,117 Swiss, 77,- 

 730 Spanish, 39,087 English, 31,248 Luxem burg- 

 ers, 14,357 Russians, 11.909 Austro-Hungarians, 

 and 80,922 of other nationalities. The number 

 of French citizens abroad was 517,000. The num- 

 ber of marriages in 1892 was 290,319, compared 

 with 285,458 in 1891 ; the number of births was 

 855,847, compared with 800,377; the number of 

 deaths was 875,888. compared with 870,882, show- 

 ing an excess of births over deaths of 20,041, com- 

 pared with a surplus of 10,505 deaths over births 

 in 1891. The birth rate was 22-3 per mille. The 

 number of emigrants in 1892 was 5,528, compared 

 wit h 0,217 in 1891 and 20,500 in 1890. The desti- 

 nation of 3,085 emigrants in 1890, of 2,950 in 1891, 

 and of 2,798 in 1892 was the United States. The 

 French cities of over 100,000 inhabitants, accord- 

 ing to the census of 1891, had the following popu- 

 lations: Paris, 2,447,957; Lyons, 410,029; Mar- 

 seilles, 403,749 ; Bordeaux, 252,415 ; Lille, 201,211 ; 

 Toulouse, 149,791; St. Etienne. 133,443; Nantes, 

 122,750; Havre, 110,309; Roubaix, 114,917; 

 Rouen, 112,352; Rheirns, 104,180. 



Finances. About 02 per cent, of the revenue 

 is raised by indirect taxation, 20 per cent, comes 

 from state monopolies, 15 per cent, from direct 

 taxes, and 3 per cent, from domains and forests, 

 state railroads, etc:. In the budget for 1894 the 

 direct contributions are estimated at 405,799,404 

 francs, and special taxes assimilated to direct con- 

 tributions at 35,257,520 francs, making the total 

 yield of direct taxes 501,050,924 francs. The 

 direct contributions are : Land tax, 190,723,000 

 francs ; personal-property tax, 88,173,135 francs ; 

 door and window tax, 57,205,001 francs; trade 

 licenses. 122,045,558 francs; first advertisement 

 tax, 1,052.050 francs. The special taxes are: Taxes 

 on property in mortmain, 0,032,000 francs ; rent 

 from mines, 4,129,720 francs; verification of 

 weights and measures, 4,800,000 francs ; inspec- 

 tion of pharmacies, etc., 329,000 francs; horse 

 and carriage tax, 12,444,000 francs ; taxes on 

 clubs, billiard tables, etc., 0,855,200 francs. The 

 indirect imports and revenues, amounting to 

 2,050.518,080 francs, are : Registration fees, 548,- 

 499.000 francs ; stamps, 101,785,000 francs ; tax 

 of 4 per cent, on revenue from securities, 09.248,- 

 000 francs; customs, 405,720,130 francs; drink 

 duties, 409,482,400 francs ; domestic salt tax, 10,- 

 938.500 francs; shipment duty on salt, sugar, 

 liquors, etc., 5,454,200 francs; mineral oils, 10,- 

 700 francs ; other oils, 2,254,800 francs : stearine, 

 candles, etc., 8,424,000 francs ; vinegar, etc., 3,041,- 

 500 francs ; extra rates for transport by express 

 trains on railroads, 47,279.000 francs ; extra rates 

 for other vehicles, 5,135,500 francs ; various du- 

 ties, 49,844,150 francs. The monopolies and in- 

 dustrial enterprises of the state, yielding 629,- 

 044,880 francs, are: Tobacco, gunpowder, and 

 matches, 411,057,000 francs; post office, 164,- 

 860,300 francs; telegraphs and telephones, 42,- 

 761,480 francs; various establishments, 10,366,- 

 100 francs. Various other receipts, including 

 8,500,000 francs realized from deposits, 4,229,- 

 470 francs from the Government railroads, 2,556,- 

 230 francs from the tax on patent rights, and 

 5,000,970 francs from prisons, amount to 58,- 

 550,892 francs. The total revenue from all 

 sources, including 48.291,150 francs, the amount 

 of the Algerian revenue, and 74,447,084 of recettes 

 cTordre, is 3,439,031,032 francs. 



The expenditures for 1894 authorized by the 

 budget law of July 20, 1893, amount to 3,368- 

 902,094 francs for France and 70,118,529 francs 

 for Algeria; total, 3,439,020,023 francs. The 

 expenditures in France are : Public debt, 1,284,- 

 508,108 francs, comprising 701,007,219 francs in- 

 terest on the consolidated debt, 301,208,878 francs 

 on the redeemable debt, and 221,032,071 francs 

 on the floating debt ; salary and household ex- 

 penses of the President, 1,200,000 francs; legis- 

 lative expenses, 11,971,720 francs; Ministry of 

 Finance, 19,470,800 francs; Ministry of Justice, 

 35,011,100 francs: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 

 10,343,800 francs; Ministry of the Interior, 71,- 

 384,430 francs, of which 17,099,292 francs are 

 for administration, 10.471,300 francs for public 

 safety, 17,003,872 francs for prisons, 11.589,300 

 francs for subventions, 7,872,000 francs for chari- 

 ties, and 1,188,600 francs for other expenses ; Min- 

 istry of War, 033,053,091 francs; Ministry of 

 Marine, 200,801,528 francs; Ministry of Public 

 Instruction, 242,794,240 francs, of which 190,- 

 451,055 francs are for education, 8,119,145 francs 

 for fine arts, and 44,224,040 francs for worship ; 

 Ministry of Commerce, 99,585,334 francs, of 

 which 23,408,903 francs are for commerce and 

 industry, 73,843,355 francs for the colonies, and 

 2,208,010 francs for posts and telegraphs; Min- 

 istry of Agriculture, 28,903,140 francs ; Ministry 

 of Public Works, 250,027,404 francs, of which 

 81,992,114 francs are for ordinary purposes, in- 

 cluding 20,410,504 francs for administration. 32,- 

 999,050 francs for roads and bridges, 11,209,200 

 francs for internal navigation, 8,152,500 francs 

 for harbors and lighthouses, and 3,214,800 francs 

 for construction, and 174,035,350 francs are for ex- 

 traordinary expenses, including 2,389,000 francs 

 for roads and bridges, 15,278,500 francs for in- 

 ternal navigation, 11,501,000 francs for railroads, 

 7,858,000 francs for harbors and lighthouses, 135,- 

 992,850 francs of annuities due to railroad com- 

 panies, and 1,010,000 francs for other works; 

 expenses of regie and collection of imposts, 358,- 

 334,719 francs, comprising 21,743,982 francs for 

 the direct contributions, 18,347,830 francs for 

 registration, stamps, and domains, 32,309,783 

 francs for customhouses, 39,392,200 francs for 

 indirect contributions, 73,001,750 francs for state 

 manufactures, 00,000 francs for foreign relations, 

 159,539,154 francs for posts and telegraphs, and 

 13,220,020 francs for forests ; repayments and 

 restitutions, 42,132,500 francs. 



The capital of the public debt was calculated 

 by M. C. Fouquet to be 30,481,158,926 in 1891, 

 and by Minister of Finance Poincare to be in 

 1893 30,611,685,122 francs. The interest on the 

 converted debt, paying 3 per cent., in 1884 was 

 436,126,943 francs, and on 4^-per-cent. consols 

 305,540,276 francs. 



Tlie Army. Every Frenchman from his 

 twentieth year owes three years of service in the 

 active army; ten years in the active army re- 

 serve, during which he is twice called out for 

 four weeks of training ; six years in the territo- 

 rial army, with fifteen days of exercise; and six 

 years in the territorial army reserve. A part of 

 the conscripts, drawn by lot, the number beimr 

 fixed annually by the Minister of War, pass into 

 the reserve after one year of active service, or, if 

 uneducated, after two years. Those who arc 

 props of families and French citizens in Algeria 



