GERMANY. 



315 



who are not drawn by lot to serve with the 

 colors are inscribed in the Ersatz, and are liable 

 to be called out for training first for ten, then 

 for six, and finally for four weeks. The soldiers 

 of the active army were bound to serve three 

 years until the military law of 1898 reduced the 

 period to two years for the infantry, leaving it 

 the same as before for the other arms. The same 

 law adds 60,000 to the annual recruit of the 

 army. About 8,000 young men of means and 

 education join the army every year as volunteers, 

 who pay their own expenses and are required to 

 serve only one year. Those who pass examina- 

 tions in military science and tactics are selected 

 to officer the Landwehr, or reserve forces. Men 

 who show diligence and proficiency in the ranks 

 are re-engaged after their period of active serv- 

 ice as noncommissioned officers, and when they 

 finally obtain their discharges they are usually 

 rewarded with suitable civil appointments. The 

 peace effective of the army for 1894 was as fol- 

 lows : 173 regiments of infantry of the line, 10,- 

 572 officers and 317,034 men; 19 battalions of 

 riflemen, 410 officers and 11,148 men ; 288 district 

 commands, 659 officers and 5,351 men ; surgeons, 

 instructors, etc., for the infantry, 2,194; total 

 infantry, 11,641 officers and 385,727 rank and 

 file ; 93 regiments of cavalry, 2,850 officers and 

 65,316 men, with 63,620 horses ; cavalry on spe- 

 cial duty, 838 officers and men ; 43 regiments of 

 field artillery, 2,369 officers and 48,384 men, with 

 26,104 horses ; field-artillery officers and men in 

 special services, 725 ; 14 regiments and 3 bat- 

 talions of fortress artillery, 728 officers and 17,- 

 157 men ; foot artillerymen in special services, 

 including officers, 96 ; 20 battalions of pioneers, 



are protected by 1 If -inch plates, with an aux- 

 iliary armament of 16 4-I-inch quick-firing and 

 8 machine guns. These are the " Brandenburg," 

 " Kurfiirst Friedrich Wilhelm," " Weissenburg," 

 and " Worth." There are 14 vessels suitable for 

 coast defense, including obsolete battle ships and 

 armored gunboats. Of the latter there are 11, 

 all of the " Wespe " type, each mounting a single 

 85-ton gun. The " Kaiserin Augusta " is a first- 

 class corvette cruiser of 6,050 tons displacement, 

 fitted with triple screws, deck-protected, and 

 armed with 12 5'9-inch and 8 machine guns. 

 More swift cruisers of this type are projected. 

 There are 8 smaller cruisers of the " Siegfried " 

 class, of 3,600 tons displacement, having power- 

 ful rams, 9 inches of belt armor, and 8 9'4-inch 

 Krupps 2 forward and 1 aft in barbettes. 

 There are 9 second-class cruiser's, also built for 

 ramming, and 25 of the third class. Auxiliary 

 merchant cruisers are 7 large and swift vessels of 

 the Hamburg and North German Lloyd Compa- 

 nies, to be armed with 8 5'9-inch, 4 4'9-inch, and 

 4 quick-firing guns. Of torpedo boats Germany 

 has 77 of the first and 64 of the second class. 



Commerce and Industry. There are 5,276,- 

 344 agricultural holdings, of which 2,323,316 are 

 less than 1 hectare and 24,991 above 100 hectares. 

 The number of hectares devoted to the cereal 

 crops in 1893 was : Wheat, 1,975,652 ; rye, 5,678,- 

 733 ; barley, 1,690,096 ; oats, 3,987,719. The sugar 

 beet is one of the principal products, 9,789,515 

 tons of roots in 1893. The wine harvest was 

 1,673,626 hectolitres. The stock census in 1892 

 was 3,817,939 horses, 17,496,696 horned cattle, 

 13,775,063 sheep, 12,056,804 pigs, and 3,077,722 

 goats. About a quarter of the surface of the 



1 *j_l _C U* "U ^ 



2 regiments of railroad troops, and 1 balloon de- empire is covered with forests, which are scien- 



tachment, 558 officers and 12,874 men ; pioneers "*=--" i**~ *-j T>_,,-,, ^u^;,,,, 



on special duty, 102 men ; 21 battalions of train, 

 299 officers and 6,836 men, with 3,996 horses; 

 special train services, 69 men ; special forma- 

 tions, 460 officers and 2,869 men ; detached offi- 



cers, 2,227, with 235 attendants. The total num- 

 ber under arms is 20,662 officers and 491,223 rank 

 and file, with 93,750 horses. The war effective is 

 supposed to be 3,000,000 men of military train- 

 ing. Each battalion in case of war is increased 

 by calling in a part of the reserves from its peace 

 strength of 544 men to 1,002. A battalion con- 

 tains 4 companies, and 3 battalions in peace time 

 make a regiment, 2 regiments a brigade, and 2 

 brigades are attached to each infantry division, 

 which contains also 4 squadrons of cavalry, 4 

 batteries of artillery, each battery having 4 guns 

 in peace and 6 in war, and 1 battalion of rifles or 

 of pioneers. There are 434 field batteries, 47 of 

 which are mounted artillery. There are 21 army 

 corps, including the Prussian guard corps, their 

 usual strength being 2 infantry divisions, 1 

 cavalry division of 4 regiments, 2 batteries of 

 mounted artillery, an artillery reserve of 6 field 

 batteries, and 1 mounted battery, 1 battalion of 

 pioneers, and 1 battalion of train. 



The Navy. The German navy has 14 iron- 

 clads, with armor varying from 12 to 16 inches 

 and carrying 9'4-, 10'2-, and 11-inch Krupp guns. 

 The latest type is the " Brandenburg " class, steel 

 vessels of 9,840 tons, having a complete belt of 

 15|-inch compound armor, a double bottom and 

 bulkheads, and water-tight compartments, armed 

 with 6 11-inch guns mounted in 3 barbettes that 



tifically cultivated. Prussia obtains a revenue 

 of 80,000,000 marks from this source, and the 

 south German states more still. The product 

 of coal in 1892 was 71,327,800 tons ; of lignite, 

 20,977,900 tons; of iron ore, 11,339,200 tons; of 

 zinc ore, 800,200 tons ; of lead ore, 163,400 tons ; 

 of copper ore, 567,600 tons ; of salt, 659.300 tons ; 

 of potash, 1,351,100 tons. The product of pig 

 iron in 1891 was 4,641,217 metric tons, valued at 

 232,428,000 marks. The product of sugar in 1892 

 was 1,144,368 tons. The quantity of alcohol pro- 

 duced was 2,948,000 hectolitres. 



The special commerce in 1892 was 4,227,004,000 

 marks of imports and 3,150,104,000 marks of ex- 

 ports. The following table gives the values, in 

 marks, of the various classes of commodities : 



