GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



331 



16,052,835 interest on the funded debt, 6.350,- 

 400 of terminable annuities, 659,826 interest on 

 the unfunded debt, 185,192 for management of 

 the debt, and the balance, 1,751,745, going to 

 the new sinking fund. Other charges on the 

 consolidated fund are 200,000 interest on Ex- 

 chequer bonds issued for the purchase of Suez 

 Canal shares, 1,428,571 for the naval-defense 

 fund. 407.954 for the civil list, 334,538 for 

 annuities and pensions, 83.672 for salaries and 

 allowances, 517.943 for salaries in courts of 

 justice, and 333,496 miscellaneous. The ex- 

 penditure for the army was 17,542,000, for the 

 navy 14,302,000, for civil services 17,780,515, 

 for customs and inland revenue 2,615,595. for 

 the post office 6,513,000. for the telegraph serv- 

 ice 2,595,000, and for packet service 721.080, 

 making the total for the supply services 62,- 

 069,190, and the total expenditure of the year 

 !)0,:}75,365, leaving a surplus of 20,212. Of 

 the army expenditure, 14,564,000 were for effect- 

 ive services, and 3,067,200 for pensions, retired 

 pay, rewards, etc. Of the navy expenditure, 

 12,160,400 were for effective services, including 

 4.771,000 for shipbuilding and repairs and 1,- 

 398,700 for armaments, and 2.019,500 were half 

 pay, pensions, and other noneffective services. 

 Of the expenditure for the civil services, 1,643,- 

 254 went for public works and buildings, 3,- 

 800,481 for justice and police, 2,024,706 for 

 salaries, 9,172.216 for education, science, and 

 art, and* 636,205 for diplomatic, consular, and 

 colonial services. The expenditure on public 

 education alone was 6,194,718 in England, 

 968,073 in Scotland, and 1,069,969 in Ire- 

 land. 



The national debt on March 31, 1893, amounted 

 to the gross sum of 673,647,564. against which 

 were set off various assets, leaving the net lia- 

 bilities 668.432.772, less Exchequer balances in 

 the Banks of England and Ireland of 5,082,535. 

 The capital of the funded debt was 589,533,082 ; 

 of funded annuities. 60,761,490 ; of the unfund- 

 ed debt, 20,748,270; other capital liabilities, 

 2,604,722. 



The Army. The strength of the regular army, 

 exclusive of 'the forces in India, provided for by 

 the estimates for the year ending March 31. 1894, 

 was 7,497 commissioned officers, 1,016 warrant 

 officers, 15,955 sergeants. 3,687 drummers, trum- 

 peters, etc., and 126.287 rank and file, making a 

 total of 154,442 men, with 14.572 horses. The 

 officers of the general staff numbered 325. The 

 troops maintained in the United Kingdom on 

 Ian. 1, 1893. including officers, were, 69.734 in- 

 fantry, 13,179 cavalry, 17,823 artillery, and 5,379 

 engineers; total, 106,115. There were, accord- 

 ing to official returns in the beginning of 1893 : 

 In England, 77,063 officers and men, with 10.256 

 horses and 226 field guns; in Scotland, 3.686 

 officers and men. with 323 horses and 4 guns; 

 and in Ireland. 27,155 officers and men, with 

 3, 1ST horses arid 52 guns; making the total force 

 in the United Kingdom 107.904 men of all ranks, 

 with 13.766 horses and 282 guns; in Egypt, 

 2,813 officers and men, with 371 horses; in the 

 colonies, 31.085 officers and men, with 620 horses: 

 in India, 75.987 officers and men, with 11,179 

 horses and 318 guns; making the total forces 

 stationed abroad 109.885 officers and men, with 

 12,170 horses and 318 guns : total British army, 



217,789 officers and men, with 25,936 horses and 

 600 guns. The effectives, including reserves, 

 militia, etc., were returned as follow: Regular 

 forces, home and colonial, 144,334 ; army reserve, 

 77,800; militia, 123,744; yeomanry, 10,697; vol- 

 unteers, 225,423 ; regular forces on Indian estab- 

 lishment. 74,384; total effectives, 656,382. 



The Navy. The Northbrook programme of 

 naval construction having been nearly com- 

 pleted, the Government was spurred, in view of 

 the naval activity of France and Russia, to 

 promise in 1894 a new programme, to extend 

 over five years. But. unlike the last Govern- 

 ment, they did not disclose the whole scheme, 

 nor venture to bind future Governments, and 

 mortgage the revenues for years in advance. 

 For 1894-'95 they increased the net appropria- 

 tion by 3,126 T 000. The number of officers and 

 men is increased from 76,700 to 83,400. As the 

 part of the new programme allotted to the cur- 

 rent year, it was proposed to lay down 7 first- 

 class battle-ships of the class of the "Majestic" 

 and the " Magnificent," 6 second-class cruisers 

 of the "Talbot" type, and 2 sloop gunboats. 

 The sum appropriated for construction during 

 the year is over 5,000,000. The sum of 11,- 

 500,000,. to which the expenditure under the 

 naval defense act of 1889 was limited, has been 

 exceeded, but not beyond the supplementary ap- 

 propriation made in 1893, which raised the limit, 

 for shipbuilding from 8,650,000 to 10,000,000, 

 wh'ile the sum allocated to armaments was 2,- 

 850.000, as in the original act. Including 10,- 

 000,000 for ships built by contract, the total cost 

 of the 70 new ships authorized in 1889 was to be 

 21,500,000. Of these, only 9 remained uncom- 

 pleted at the beginning of 1894. Of the 10 first- 

 class battle ships, the "Royal Sovereign" and 

 "Empress of India" (launched in 1891), and the 

 "Repulse," "Royal Oak," "Ramillies," "Resolu- 

 tion," and "Revenge" are barbette ships, pro- 

 tected by 18 inches of armor over the vital parts, 

 having a displacement of 14,150 tons, steaming, 

 the "Royal Sovereign" 18 and the others 17^ 

 knots with natural draught, and carrying 4 67- 

 ton guns, 10 6-inch quick-firing guns, and 16 6- 

 pounders and 12 3-pounders. The " Hood," hav- 

 ing the same dimensions and protective armor, 

 carries her 4 67-ton guns in turrets. The "Cen- 

 turion " and " Barfleur," launched in 1892, have 

 a displacement of 10,500 tons, 12 inches of ar- 

 mor, and 4 29-ton guns mounted in barbettes, 

 a better disposition of the secondary arma- 

 ment than the others, consisting of 10 4'7-inch 

 and 8 6-pounder and 12 8-pounder quick-firing 

 guns, 7 torpedo-ejectors, as have the others, and 

 equal engine power with them, developing a 

 speed of over 18 knots. The programme was 

 extended in 1893 by laying down the " Renown," 

 of 12.350 tons, designed to carry 4 10-inch guns 

 in 2 barbettes, like the "Centurion," and a more 

 powerful quick-firing armament, to consist of 10 

 6-inch, 18 12-pounder. 10 6-pounder, and 12 3- 

 pounder guns. The "Majestic" and "Magnifi- 

 cent " were laid down later, of 14,900 tons dis- 

 placement, designed to speed 18 knots, with 13,- 

 000 horse power, and to carry 4 12-inch guns in 

 barbettes, and an auxiliary armament of 12 6- 

 inch, and 28 smaller quick-firers, with 5 torpedo 

 tubes. This type of vessel, the largest in any 

 navy, is to be followed in the 4 new battle ships, 



