364 



INDIA. 



square mile, being 229 in the British provinces 

 and 111 in the native states. The number of 

 persons in 1891 not born in India was 661,637, of 

 whom 478,656 came from adjacent countries, 60,- 

 519 from China and other remote Asian coun- 

 tries, 100,551 from the United Kingdom, 10,095 

 from other countries of Europe, America, and 

 Australasia, and 11,816 from Africa and other 

 countries. The number of coolie emigrants in 

 1892 was 16,567, most of whom went to Deme- 

 rara, Trinidad, and Mauritius. There were 20,- 

 085 in 1891, 16,874 in 1890, and 10,388 in 1889. 

 The population of the largest cities is : Calcutta, 

 861,764; Bombay, 821,764; Madras, 452,518; 

 Hyderabad, 415,039; Lucknow, 273,028; Benares, 

 219,467; Delhi, 192,579; Mandalay, 188,815; 

 Cawnpur, 188,712; Bangalore, 180,366; Rangoon, 

 180,324 ; Lahore, 176,854 ; Allahabad, 175.246. 



Of the population of British India, 112,542,739 

 were males and 108,630,213 females. In the na- 

 tive states there were 34,184,557 males and 31,- 

 865,922 females. In the total population of In- 

 dia, consisting in round numbers of 146,700,000 

 males and 140,500,000 females, 65,100,000 males 

 and 43,600,000 females were returned as unmar- 

 ried, 62,100,000 males and 62,400,000 females as 

 married, 6,400.000 males and 22,700,000 females 

 as widowed, and 13,100,000 males and 11,800,000 

 females were not designated as to their civil con- 

 dition. 



The religious statistics of the whole population 

 of India are here tabulated : 



Total 287,223,431 



Thus more than 92 per cent, of the people be- 

 long to the two dominant faiths. The Buddhists, 

 once numerous in various parts of India, are now 

 rare except in Burmah, where they form the bulk 

 of the population. Of the Christians, 1,315,263 

 are Roman Catholics, 295,016 Anglicans, 296,938 

 Baptists, Independents, Methodists, etc., 40,407 

 Presbyterians, 63,967 other Protestants, and 201,- 

 684 Syrians. Armenians, and Greek Catholics. 



Of the total population in 1891 the number 

 able to read and write was 12,097,530, of whom 

 11,554,035 were males and 543,495 were females ; 

 the number under instruction was 3.195,220, of 

 whom 2,997,558 were males and 197,662 females ; 

 246,546,176 persons (118,819,408 males and 127,- 

 726,768 females) were unable to read and write ; 

 and from 25,384,505 of both sexes there were no 

 returns. There were 137 colleges for males in 

 1892, with 16,411 students, and 2 for females, 

 with 50 ; 510 technical, medical, industrial, and 

 other special schools for males, with 20,686 stu- 

 dents, and 50 for females, with 1,250 ; 4,462 sec- 

 ondary schools for males, with 441,796 scholars, 

 and 445 for females, with 35,780 ; 91,936 primary 

 schools for males, with 2.571,384 scholars, and 

 5,243 for females, with 270,205 ; and 38,220 pri- 

 vate schools for males, with 481,289 scholars, and 

 1,064 for females, with 32,324. The total num- 



ber of males undergoing instruction in that year 

 was 3,531,566, and the number of females 339.- 

 609, making, in all, 3,871,175. The total number 

 of schools was 142,069, of which 21,235 were pub- 

 lic, 60,527 received public aid, and 60,276 were 

 unaided private schools. There were 547 ver- 

 nacular newspapers regularly issued in 1892, 

 printed in 16 languages, and during the year 

 7,658 books and magazines were published, of 

 which 90 per cent, were in native languages. 



Finances. The closed accounts for the year 

 ending March 31, 1893, make the total revenue 

 90,172,438 tens of rupees, of which 352,731 tens 

 of rupees were received in England. The reve- 

 nue was derived from the following sources : 

 Land tax, Rx 24,905,328 ; opium monopoly. Rx 

 7,993,180; salt monopoly, Rx 8,656.104 ; stamps, 

 Rx 4,448,540; excise, Rx 5,242,448; provincial 

 rates, Rx 3,706,498; customs, Rx 1,617,633; li- 

 cense dues, Rx 1,686,141 ; forests, Rx 1,591,332; 

 registration, Rx 430,064 ; tribute from feuda- 

 tory states, Rx 790,112; interest, Rx 869,727; 

 post office, telegraphs, and mint, Rx 2,736,953 1 

 legislation and justice, Rx 686,641 ; police, Rx 

 395,967 ; marine, Rx 156,855 ; railways, irriga- 

 tion, etc., Rx 22,149,193 ; military department, 

 Rx 864,320; miscellaneous, Rx 876,994. The 

 total expenditure was 91,005.850 tens of rupees, 

 of which 26,161,815 tens of rupees were expended 

 in England. The amounts under the various 

 heads of expenditure were as follow : Interest on 

 the debt, Rx 4,374,263 ; refunds and compensa- 

 tion, Rx 1,825,064; costs of collection, Rx 7,6M.- 

 630, of which Rx 3,936,345 were for the land 

 revenue, Rx 1,602,496 for the opium revenue, 

 Rx 458,707 for the salt monopoly, Rx 8(55.225 

 for the forest administration, and Rx 773,857 

 for the other revenues ; post office, telegraphs, 

 and mint, Rx 2,505,625 ; administration, Rx 

 1,871,825; legislation and justice, Rx 3.795,172; 

 police, Rx 3,873,645; marine, Rx 857,109; for- 

 eign affairs, Rx 842,117; public instruction, Rx 

 1,910,295 ; religion and public health, Rx 1,109,- 

 749; pensions and aid, Rx 4,656,792 ; printing, 

 etc., Rx 881.048 ; famine relief and insurance, 

 Rx 1,116,103; public works, Rx 30.050,601; 

 army, Rx 23,877.171. From the sum is deducted 

 expenditure from provincial balances, amount- 

 ing to Rx 177,359, leaving the net amount as 

 given above. The deficit was Rx 833,412. Leav- 

 ing out railroad, canal, irrigation, and other re- 

 ceipts from productive undertakings, the net 

 revenue was Rx 51,606,000. The gross land 

 revenue, which is of the nature of rent paid to 

 the Government as -owner of the 196,000,000 acres 

 now under cultivation in India, was Rx 25,703,- 

 600. The salt tax was raised in 1888 from 2 to 

 2-J- rupees per maund of 82 pounds, but this did 

 not diminish consumption except at first. In 

 1893 the consumption showed an increase of 35 

 per cent, since 1888, while the population only 

 increased 11 per cent. The excise duty is raised 

 by duties upon liquors and opium and licenses 

 for their sale. The policy followed is to impose 

 the highest tax that spirits will bear without 

 giving rise to illicit methods of making and 

 selling, with the object of discouraging th*; 

 drinking habit among the natives. The customs 

 duties are levied upon arms, petroleum, liquors, 

 opium, and upon exports of rice, the latter tax. 

 which is the same as that levied in Siam and 



