INDIA. 



367 



in liombay. The reserves of the native army 

 numbered 11,570 men. There were stationed in 

 Burmah 14,316 men, of whom 3,814 were 

 Europeans and 10,502 natives. 



Much attention has lately been given to the 

 submarine and shore defenses of the ports of 

 Calcutta, Bombay, Karachi, and Rangoon. A 

 defense squadron has been created, consisting of 

 2 ironclad turret ships with 8-inch guns, 2 first- 

 class torpedo gunboats, 1 dispatch vessel, 4 trans- 

 ports, and 7 first-class torpedo boats. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports 

 for the year ending March 31, 1893, was Rx 83,- 

 275,087. Not counting the specie imports, 

 amounting to Rx 17,009,810, and Rx 3,660,247 

 of Government stores, the merchandise imports 

 were valued at Rx 62,605.030, of which Rx 44,- 

 005,841 came from the United Kingdom, Rx 

 7,160,924 from British possessions, and Rx 11,- 

 438,265 from foreign countries. The total value 

 of exports was Rx 113,554,398, inclusive of Rx 

 6,958,924 of precious metals, Rx 594,478 of ship- 

 ments of merchandise by the Government, and 

 Rx 4,590,290 of foreign merchandise re-exported. 

 Of the exports of domestic produce or manufac- 

 ture, Rx 101,945,706 in value, Rx 32,267,196 

 went to Great Britain, Rx 20,274,022 to British 

 possessions, and Rx 49,404,488 to foreign coun- 

 tries. The shipments to China were Rx 14,402,- 

 271 ; to France, Rx 9,083,253 ; to Germany, Rx 

 6,517,185 ; to Egypt, Rx 4,832,053 ; to the United 

 States, Rx 4,512,988. The imports from the 

 United States were Rx 1,199,458 in value. 



The values of the leading imports and classes 

 of imports for 1892-'93 are given in tens of 

 rupees in the following table : 



IMPORTS. Value. 



Cotton manufactures 25,625,865 



Metals, hardware, and cutlery 6,599,772 



Silk, raw and manufactured 2,817,651 



Sugar, raw and retined 2,625,683 



Woolen goods 1.528,243 



Liquors 1,447,263 



Railway plant and rolling stock 1,032,939 



Oils.... . 2.919,162 



Machinery 2,359,103 



Coal 1,141,450 



Provisions 1,862,055 



Apparel ... 1,388,830 



Salt . . . 576.694 



Spices 623,633 



Glass 670,804 



Drugs 662,815 



Paper 436,098 



Umbrellas 441,145 



Grain and pulse 122,359 



The values of the principal exports of private 

 merchandise of Indian production during the 

 year 1892-'93 are given in the following table : 



DOMESTIC EXPORTS. Value. 



Cotton, raw 12,743,679 



Rice 12.406,719 



Oil seeds 11,631.015 



Opium 9,255,014 



Cotton, manufactures of 8,100.658 



Jute, raw 7,944,223 



Wheat 7.440.383 



Tea 6,292,348 



Hides and skins 5,591.9o5 



Indigo.., 



Jute, manufactures of 



Coffee 



Wool, raw ' 



Dye stuffs and tan 



Lac 



Provisions .. 



Wood '. .'.........'.'.'.'., 



Silk, raw, and cocoons. 



oils ;;.;, 



Sugar 



4.141.179 

 3.237.993 



2,066,862 

 1,116.578 

 802,013 

 784,950 

 775,802 

 695,259 

 617,574 

 595,259 

 507,914 



Of the total imports, Rx 51,296,061, and of the 

 exports, Rx 63,182,738, were borne by vessels that 

 passed through the Suez Canal. The land trade 

 across the frontiers, not included in the above 

 statements, amounted to Rx 3,690,900 for im- 

 ports and Rx 3,388,000 for exports. Of the 

 specie imports in 1893, Rx 15,228,021 were silver 

 and Rx 1,781,789 gold ; of the exports, Rx 2,364,- 

 452 were silver and Rx 4,594,472 gold. 



Navigation. The total number of vessels 

 entered at the ports of India in the year 1892- 

 '93 was 5,384, of 3,902,196 tons ; of which 2,047, 

 of 3,158,225 tons, were British, 1,035, of 150,124 

 tons, were British Indian, 1,568, of 85,946 tons, 

 were native, and 734, of 507,901 tons, were 

 foreign. The total number cleared was 5,339, 

 aggregating 3,790,095 tons. The number of 

 vessels entered that came through the Suez 

 Canal was 782, of 1,637,806 tons, and the num- 

 ber cleared for ports beyond the canal was 929, 

 of 1,887,457 tons. 



The number of vessels registered for the first 

 time in 1893 was 118, of 6,102 tons; the num- 

 ber built in India during the year was 72, of 

 2,141 tons. 



Railroads. The length of railroads in opera- 

 tion in 1893 was 18,042 miles, built at a capital 

 cost of Rx 234,463,619, of which sum Rx 138,- 

 522,675 was invested in state railroads. Rx 29,- 

 098,454 in state lines leased to companies, Rx 

 49,251,783 in guaranteed railroads, Rx 5,884,62ft 

 in assisted and subsidized railroads, Rx 1,686,- 

 444 in Portuguese railroads, and Rx 9,138,554 in 

 railroads of native states. The rate charged for 

 wheat on Indian railroads is equal to !- cent 

 per ton per mile, but on other classes of mer- 

 chandise it is very high. The passenger rates 

 for natives are $ or cent a mile, and for first- 

 class passengers 2 or 3 cents. The number of 

 passengers carried in 1893 was 135,000,000 ; the 

 number of tons of goods 28,000,000. The gross 

 receipts were about Rx 23,000,000, and working 

 expenses were Rx 11,000,000. The net receipts 

 were Rx 12,659,032, equal to 5-44 per cent, on 

 the invested capital. The gold bonds of the 

 Government railroads and of companies' lines 

 on which 5 per cent, interest is gr.aranteed 

 cause a large deficit every year in the railroad 

 accounts of the Government. 



Posts and Telegraphs. During the fiscal 

 year 1892 the post office forwarded 347,133,230 

 letters, newspapers, etc. The revenue was Rx 

 1,445,925, and expenditure Rx 1,496,417. 



The Government telegraph lines, in 1892, had 

 a total length of 38,625 miles, with 120,159 

 miles of wire. The number of private messages 

 was 3,308,998; the receipts were Rx 919,335, 

 and expenses Rx 838,720. 



Popular Unrest. The currency and tariff 

 grievances, which were as keenly felt by Anglo- 

 Indians as by the natives, and'were vigorously 

 denounced in the Anglo-Indian press, embold- 

 ened the native writers, who in their organs 

 took on a bolder tone in 1894 than ever before. 

 The Indian National Congress that was held at 

 the close of 1893 passed resolutions praying for 

 simultaneous civil-service examinations in Eng- 

 land and India, for the complete separation of ex- 

 ecutive and judicial functions, and for measures 

 to remedy the state of affairs in which, according 

 to an official statement. 50,000,000 people live on 



