ITALY. 



383 



sulphur, 24,900,000 lire; almonds, 22,500,000 

 lire ; cotton, 19,200,000 lire ; coral manufactures, 

 19.200,000 lire; skins, 18,400,000 lire; tartar, 

 15,400,000 lire; marble and alabaster, 15,200,000 

 lire ; silk tissues, 15,000,000 lire ; cotton tissues, 

 14,800,000 lire ; colors and dyes, 14,400,000 lire : 

 butter, 11,900,000 lire; fruits, 11,800,000 lire; 

 zinc ore, 11,300,000 lire; rice, 11,200,000 lire; 

 cheese, 11,000,000 lire; animals, 10,700,000 lire ; 

 poultry, 10,600,000 lire. 



The amount of trade with the principal for- 

 eign countries in 1893 is shown in the following 

 table, which gives, in lire, the values of the im- 

 ports from each country and the exports of Ital- 

 ian produce to each of them : 



Navigation. The merchant navy, on Jan. 1, 

 1893, consisted of 6,668 vessels, of 796,461 tons, 

 of which 6,341, of 588,268 tons, were sailing 

 vessels, and 327, of 208,493 tons, were steamers. 

 During the year 1893 there were 116,401 vessels, 

 of 25,958,403 tons, entered, and 115,924 vessels, 

 of 25,051,098 tons, cleared, at the ports of Italy. 

 Of the vessels entered, 80,516, of 19,729,739 tons, 

 were with cargoes; 34,032, of 22,774,075 tons, 

 were steamers; 15,213, of 7,286,600 tons, were 

 engaged in ocean commerce ; and of these last, 

 8,849, of 2,058,513 tons, sailed under the Italian, 

 and 6,364, of 5,228,087 tons, under foreign flags. 



Communications. There were 9,000 miles^of 

 railroads in operation on Dec. 31, 1893. Of the 

 total mileage, 60 per cent, belongs to the state, 

 but the operation of the state lines was trans- 

 ferred in 1885 to companies on contracts run- 

 ning sixty years if not terminated at the end of 

 twenty or forty years. 



The telegraphs, on June 30, 1893, had a total 

 length of 23,600 miles, with 92,125 miles of wire. 

 The number of private internal dispatches sent 

 during the year was 7,596,134 ; of international 

 dispatches, 814,694; of dispatches in transit, 

 129,623. The receipts were 16,174.030 lire. The 

 number of letters sent through the post office 

 was 140,133,907, including 693,983 with declara- 

 tion of value ; the number of postal cards, 57,- 

 036,433 ; of journals, circulars, and manuscripts, 

 215,640,616 ; the amount of postal orders, 8,448,- 

 018 lire. The receipts were 48,519,525 lire ; the 



working expenses of post office and telegraphs, 

 53,028.501 lire. 



The Army. The period of service with the 

 colors under the law of 1891 is two, three, or 

 four years. The peace effective was fixed for 

 1894-''95 at 205,000 men. Men liable to serve 

 who are not drafted into the active army at the 

 drawing of lots receive from two to six 'months 

 of military instruction. There are 12 corps 

 d'armee, each of 2 divisions, each comprising 2 

 brigades or 4 regiments of infantry and gener- 

 ally 1 or 2 regiments of cavalry, and 2 regiments 

 of divisional artillery, with cadres for 2 regi- 

 ments of infantry and 1 section of artillery of 

 the mobile militia. The peace effective for 1894 

 was 3,548 officers and 4,508 men in the staffs and 

 military establishments, 7,263 infantry officers 

 and 168,533 men, 865 cavalry officers and 24,554 

 men, 1,290 artillery officers and 31,725 men, 283 

 engineer officers and 7,756 men, 193 officers and 

 2,391 men in the sanitary service, 136 officers 

 and 1,828 men in the commissary department, 

 563 officers and 24,704 men belonging to the 

 carabinieri, 197 veterinary officers, and 197 offi- 

 cers and 1,848 men in the African corps; total, 

 14,535 officers and 267,847 under officers and 

 men, with 50,327 horses and mules. The war 

 strength is reckoned at 1,493,731, not including 

 554,095 partly trained territorial militia, etc., 

 and 1,337.033 without military instruction. 



The Navy. The war navy in 1894 included 

 11 armor-clad turret ships, 4 ironclad frigates, 1 

 cruiser of 4,583 tons, 12 deck-protected cruisers, 

 4 corvettes, 13 torpedo cruisers, 8 avisos, 7 tor- 

 pedo avisos, 13 gunboats. 87 seagoing torpedo 

 boats, 38 first-class and 21 second-class torpedo 

 boats, 16 torpedo launches, 16 transports, 7 

 school ships. 4 coastguard gunboats, 13 vessels 

 for port service, 6 lagoon gunboats, and 8 aux- 

 iliary cruisers ; in all, 288 vessels, having an 

 aggregate displacement of 330,889 tons, engines 

 of 501,600 horse power, and 482 guns of over 

 and 1,670 of under 10 centimetres. The per- 

 sonnel of the navy consisted of 1.525 officers and 

 16,785 men for sea and 4,282 for coast defense ; 

 in all, 22,592 officers and men. The latest built 

 battle ships are the " Sicilia " and " Sardegna." 

 of 13,298 and 13,251 tons displacement, 14-inch 

 armor, and 4 67-ton guns mounted in barbettes, 

 companion ships of the " Re Umberto" and the 

 " Ammiraglio di St. Bon " and " Emanuele Fili- 

 berto," of 9,800 tons, having a complete belt of 

 10-inch armor and 4 10-inch guns carried in 

 closed turrets. Plans are prepared for 3 battle 

 ships, of between 11,000 and 12,000 tons and 18 

 or 19 knots speed, and for 3 cruisers, of 3,000 or 

 4,000 tons; also for 12 torpedo boats and 4 

 transports. 



Finances. The receipts of the treasury for 

 the year ending June 30, 1893, were 1,748,429,655 

 lire or francs, and the expenditure 1.739,085,889 

 lire, leaving a surplus of 9,343,766 lire. For the 

 year 1894-'95 the receipts are estimated in the 

 budget at 1,679,983,397 lire, including 124,401,- 

 252 lire from extraordinary sources. The total 

 expenditure is estimated at' 1,784, 729,503 lire, in- 

 cluding 209,348,512 lire of extraordinary dis- 

 bursements, leaving a deficit of 104,746,106 lire, 

 of which 19,798,846 lire fall to the ordinary and 

 84,947,260 lire to the extraordinary budget. The 

 annual debt charge for 1893-'94 was given as 



