434 



LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



vue Encyelopedique," speaking of tlio "decadent," 

 'symbolist," ' romanc," schools succeeding each 

 other, says that the " eeole roiuane franchise," re- 

 cently founded by the creator of symbolism, Jean 

 Moreas, is the only present school with definite theo- 

 ries, the " Grseco-Latin principle, the fundamental 

 principle of French literature which nourished with 

 Ronsartl, Eacine, and Lafontaine." Keference may 

 be made also to the younger men who, like Yerlaine, 

 Turbert, Privas, and Trimouillat, adapt the spirit 

 of ancient French popular poetry to modern condi- 

 tions, or that band of clever men who helped to make 

 the " Chut Noir " the fountain head of a rejuvenating 

 spirit of romanticism, among them spirited writers 

 like Georges d'Esparbes, Georges Auriol, and Al- 

 phonse Al'Iais. Among the plays of the year, " Izey I, 1 ' 

 a drama in verse, by Armand Silvestre and Eugene 

 Morand, produced by Sarah Bernharclt, won a veri- 

 table triumph ; and Sardou's " Gismonda," in which 

 he has given his fancy freer rein than usual, was also 

 a brilliant success. Maurice Barres's " Une Journee 

 Parlamentaire," a dramatization of the Panama scan- 

 dal, attracted attention by its subject. Other new 

 plays are Edouard Pailleron's " Cabotins" (comedy i ; 

 k% Fiancee," a commonplace romantic drama by Dan- 

 iel Lesueur (pseudonym of Mine. Jeanne Lo'iseaui ; 

 Henri Lavedan's " Deux Noblesses" (contrasting the 

 nobility of name and that of labor) ; Jean Lorraiu's 

 "Yanthis" ("an exquisite poetical fiction"); Albin 

 Valebregue's amusing " Bourgeois republicaine " ; and 

 the somewhat long-drawn-out, somber drama of men- 

 tal anguish and torture, "Vie muette," by Maurice 

 Beaubourg, whose " Image " was given last year. 



The bibliographies give definite statements regard- 

 ing the enormous number of publications issued yearly. 

 Thus, in 1893, excluding the numerous almanacs, re- 

 ports, Government documents, hymnals, periodicals, 

 etc., 11,076 works (many in 2 or more volumes) saw 

 the light ; of these, 952 were in the division Catho- 

 lic theology and 62 in Protestant theology ; 1,147 in 

 medical science ; 1,300 in history and kindred sub- 

 jects ; in prose fiction, 460; and in poetry, 322. 



Germany. National history has peen enriched by 

 K. Lamprecht's " Deutsche * Geschichte," a remark- 

 able and pioneer effort in " Culturgeschichte." Other 

 histories of Germany have been brought out by Osk. 

 Gutsche and Wlh. Schultze, Js. Janssen, T. Lindner, 

 etc. The ex-Chancellor forms the theme of H. Ritter 

 von Poschinger's " Furst Bismarck und die Parla- 

 mentarier " ; Us. Blum's " Furst Bismarck und seine 

 Zeit " ; and Adph. Kohut's " Fiirst Bismarck und die 

 Frauen." The history of " Das neue Bayern " has 

 been written by M. Schwann, and B. Werner de- 

 scribes " Die Kriegsmarine. . . ." E. W. Middendorfs 

 " Peru : Beobachtungen und Studien " ; Gst. Diercks's 

 "Marokko"; and E. v. Ilesse-Wartegg's " Andalu- 

 sien " are new descriptive works. In biographical lit- 

 erature we have " Fuhrende Geister " (literary charac- 

 ter sketches), and Frau Lily von Gizycki has written of 

 " Deutsche Fiirstinnen," among them the three prin- 

 cesses (Caroline Luise, Helene, and the Grand Duch- 

 ess Maria Paulowna) connected with the " classic days 

 of Weimar.'' Jacob Baechthold, in " Gottfried Keller's 

 Leben, seine Briefe und Tagebiicher," tells the story 

 of his friend Keller, the famous author of " Der grune 

 Heinrich," who accomplished his development amid 

 poverty and other unfavorable conditions. " Schiller's 



srty and other urit 

 Mutter: ein Lebensbild,' 



Schiller's 

 is by Ernst Mueller. Adolf 



Hausrath is the author of an admirable biography 

 of "Peter Abiilartl." Rud. Genee has written a 

 timely and fair account of " Hans Sachs und Seine 

 Zeit." The unfortunate philosopher Nietzsche (a 

 chronological edition of whose works is in prepara- 

 tion) forms the theme, of Madame Lou Andreas- 

 Salome (" Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werken") 

 and Malvida von Meyscnbug ; and the letters which 

 Ferdinand Raimund. Germany's great national dram- 

 atist, addressed to his devoted friend " Toni " have 

 been published in the " Jahrbuch " of the" Grillpar/er 

 Gescllsclnift." S. M. Prem's" (loethe"; Eug. Filtseh's 

 u Goethes religiose Kntuickelung " ; Rdf. F first's 



"August Gottlieb Mcissner . . ."; II. v. Posch inker's 

 " Ein Achtundvierziger : Lothar Buchers Leben und 

 Werke" ; Alfr. Altherr's " Theodor Parker in seinem 

 Leben und Wirken " ; and " Aus dem Leben Thdr. v. 

 Bernhartli's " further swell the list in the division 

 biography. The literature of memoirs and of auto- 

 biographies is greatly increasing, and those of II. 

 Brugsch-Pasha ( u Mein Leben und iiieiu Wandern '' , 

 Georg Gottfried Gervinus, Felix Dahn ("Erinncr- 

 ungen "j, the Viennese dramatist Franz Nissel (died 

 20 July, Istty), Theodor Fontane (" Meine Knaben- 

 jahre"), Otto Roquette (" Siebzig Jahre"), and 

 Eduard Hanslick, the noted musical" critic of Vienna 

 ("Erinnerungen ans meinem Leben "), are added to 

 those enumerated in 18'J2 and 1.S93. In political and 

 social science we have Albert Schaflie's "Deutsche 

 Kern- und Zeitfragen " and a " Neue Folge" of tin- 

 same; and Rob. Pohlmann's " Geschichte des antiken 

 Socialismus und Kommunislnus." To the realm <>\' 

 philosophy belong K. Joel's " Ueber die Zukunft der 

 Philosophic"; Rudolf Steiner's "Philosophic der 

 Freiheit" and Bruno Wille's "Philosophic der 

 Befreiung " (both going far beyond Nietzsche into a 

 theoretical anarchy; ; Georg ifageniann's " Elemente 

 der Philosophic"; and the learned and polemical 

 Jesuit V. Cathrein's " Moralphilosophie" (the 2 latter 

 strictly orthodox). L. Schemann lias edited " Sclm- 

 penhauer-Briefe," and Max Dessoir lias written 

 " Geschichte der neueren deutschen Psychologic " ; 

 Karl Woermann defends modern artistic tendencies 

 in his "Was uns die Kunstgeschichte lehrt," as did 

 R. Muther in liis " Geschichte der Malerei im H*. 

 Jahrhundert." Rudolf Koegel has issued Vol. I of a 

 comprehensive " Geschichte der deutschch Litteratur 

 bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters " ; Karl von Perfall 

 deals with the Munich stage in his "Beitrag zur Gc- 

 schichte tier koniglichen Theater"; Gustav Portig 

 has written of "Schiller in seinem Verhiiltniss zur 

 Freundschaft und Liebe,sowie in seinem Verhiiltniss 

 zu Goethe " ; Art. Farinelli compares " Grillparzer 

 und Lope tie Vega " ; the humorist Edwin Bormann, 

 in his " Das Shakespearegeheimniss," attempts to es- 

 tablish the claims of Bacon beyond dispute; W. 

 Oechelhaeuser's " Shakespeareana " is a further con- 

 tribution to the literature of an apparently exhaust- 

 less subject; and "Die Geschichte des 'Erstlings- 

 werks," edited by K. E. Franzos, contains a num- 

 ber of interesting sketches by authors on their first 

 works. Berthold Litzmann, who has chronicled tin- 

 life of the noted German actor Friedr. Ludwig 

 Schroeder, has also given his views as to " Das 

 deutsche Drama in den litterarischen Bewegungen 

 der Gegenwart," a pamphlet the criticisms on which 

 have varied widely ; while Emil Reich (who has in 

 another work paid a sympathetic tribute to Grill- 

 parzer) has met the approval of Ibsen himself with 

 his audacious work on " Ibsen's Dramen." 



A number of well-known purveyors of prose fiction 

 are this year represented by new works, not all add- 

 ing to their reputation, however. Hans llopfen, in 

 " Gliinzendes Elend,"attacks the realistic school (as did 

 Ileyse last year in his great novel " Merlin "), but him- 

 self commits the indiscretion of introducing real per- 

 sons and events, thinly disguised, into his book. VVil- 

 brandtgoes much further in his use of living models in 

 "Der Dornenweg," which appears to be far interior 

 to the author's preceding novels. "Adam's Sohne'' 

 and " Hermann llfinger." Hermann Sudermann, tin- 

 novelist, in his " Ks war,'' again crowds Hermann 

 Sudermann, the dramatist, hard for honors ; his 

 "Frau Sorgc 1 ' and " Katzensteig " have been^ pro- 

 nounced masterpieces; in Irs short stories" Im Z \vie- 

 licht" he has introduced the "dialogue without a 

 respondent." Rudolf Lindau appears as a cosmopoli- 

 tan in his objective stories "Flirt" and " Kin gan/.es 

 Leben," and the social-reform spirit gives importance 

 to the Viennese C. Karlweiss's "Reich sein " ;i|>;irt 

 from any artistic merits. The veteran Wilhelm Jen- 

 sen, who writes with unabated vigor, has laid the 

 scene of his latest story. " Ileimkunft." in Friesland, 

 while the late L. Anzensrruber's " Let/te Dortgiinge" 



