438 



LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



Novi's '-In Vano": Luciano Zuecoli's "11 Desig- 

 nato " ; Ida Baccini's " Oh, i miei Tempi " ; Maria 

 Savi-Lopez's " Leggende del Mare " ; Luigi Capuana's 

 " Le Paesane " ; Ettorc d'Orazio's " Poute Chiarenza " ; 

 Angiolo Silvio Novaro's "11 Libro della Pieta " ; 

 Virginia Guicciardi Fiastri's ''Fiat Voluntas tua"; 

 Sordillo's " Ainbizione"; "L'Ultima Primavera," by 

 Memini (Contessa Marcello), etc. Worthy of note 

 are Rovetta's " Baraonda " ; the prolific Barrili's rather 

 weak productions, u La Castellana" and "Fra Cielo 

 e Terra"; G. Verga's "Don Candeloro e Ci"; G. 

 Negri's "Rumori niondani"; and S. Farina's "Che 

 dirk il Mondo ? " There is poor poetry in abundance. 

 Among the tew productions that may be called dis- 

 tinctly good, Alfredo Baccelli's " Vittime e Ribelli " is 

 conspicuous. Mantica proves a genial humorist in his 

 graceful " Rime gaie " ; Rapisardi socialistic in his 

 \iews, and a bitter opponent of Carducci has issued 

 a volume of poems, " Atlantide " ; and Parcella, who 

 writes in the Roman dialect, was successful with his 

 burlesque sonnets on the discovery of America. 



Norway. A. Garborg has written a monograph on 

 "Jonas Lie," who, "with Bjornson and Ibsen, forms 

 for all time an Orion's belt in Norway's literary 

 firmament." New publications in the domain of 

 lellet-lettre* are J. Paulsen's " Haidee : En Kunstner- 

 historie"; II. E. Kiuck's "Ungt Folk"; O. Aagaard's 

 "Paa Streiftog"; B. Lie's "Unge Dage"; Marie's 

 "Svundne Tider"; R. Loland's " Skattegraveren " ; 

 H. Christensen's "Bastarder"; O. Hansson's " Amors 

 Hevn"; J. B. Bull's "Fra Skog og Fjeld"; T. Mad- 

 sen's " Guds Finger" ; A. Collett's" Gamle Christiania 

 Billeder"; and J. Lie's ' Niobe." Ilenrik Ibsen's 

 new play, " Little Eyolf," plunges deeply into occult 

 mysticism. Its interest is centered on the two fig- 

 ures, husband and wife, and Rita has been described 

 as the " most weird, complex, and fascinating in his 

 whole gallery of strange female roles." A union of 

 authors has been formed similar to those noted under 

 Sweden in 1893 and this year under Denmark. Not 

 a few Norwegian authors such as Ibsen, Bjornson, 

 and Lie have their books published at Copenhagen, 

 thus coming before the Danish public as well as that 

 of their own country. 



Poland. Of the literature called forth by the Kos- 

 ciuszko centenary celebration, a biography of the 

 hero by K. is tlie most important. Contributions 

 to Polish history are the anonymous and valuable 

 "History of the Two Years 1861-'62"; "Monu- 

 menta medii aevi historica res gestas Poloniae illus- 

 trantia"; II. Schmitt's "History of Poland after the 

 Partition, 1795-1832"; B. Lewandowski's "History 

 of the Insurrection in Poland, 1863-1864"; S. 8. 

 Peplowski's "From Galicia's Past, 1772-1862"; St. 

 Ciszewski's " The Cracovians : An ethnographic 

 Monograph " ; A. Jablonowski's " Poland in the Six- 

 teenth Century, in its geographical-statistical Rela- 

 tions " ; E. Helenjusz's " Reminiscences of Polish 

 Times"; and A. E. Kozmian's "Letters, 1829-1864," 

 an important contribution to political and literary 

 history. K. Waliszewski's " Autour d'un Trone*: 

 Catherine II de Russie," the sequel of his " Roman 

 d'une Imperatrice," was published in Paris. Fr. Ter- 

 tikowski (" Public, Private, and Intellectual Life of 

 the Ancient Greeks and Romans "), S. Morawski 

 ("After Amber: Roman Expedition to the Mouth 

 of the Weichsel," " Perepictycha, Princess of the 

 Ukraine, . . ." and "Tiberius and Hadrian") are 

 other historians of the year, and P. Popiel's po- 

 litico-historical writings have been published. Un- 

 der the heading "Religion and Philosophy" we 

 have S. Tomkiewicz'a " Philosophy in Poland in 

 the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries " ; W. T. I. 

 Zaborski's "Religions of the Eastern Aryans"; 

 M. Straszewski's "" History of Philosophy in the 

 Orient"; and M. Cz. Przewoska's " Friedrich Nietz- 

 sche as Moralist and Critic." M. Zdziechowski's 

 u Byron and his Times"; L. Antoni's "Silhouettes 

 and historico-literary Sketches"; W. Gostomski's 

 study of " Herr Thaddaus," the epic of Mickiewicz ; 

 I. M'atuszewski's " The Devil in Poetry " ; F. Hoe- 



sick's "On Slowacki, Krasinski, and Mickiewicz"; 

 M. Bobrzyfiski and S. Smolka's life of Johann 

 Dlugosz, a Polish historian of the fifteenth century; 

 K. Ehrenberg's "The World of Feuilletons " ; and 

 C. Jellenta's " The general human Ideal in the 

 Poetry of the Present" illustrate various phases of 

 literature. The appearance of B. Prus's novel 

 "Emancipation," directed against the "emancipated 

 woman," was one of the most interesting literary 

 events of the year. In "Naphtha," Sewer (Macie- 

 jowski) gives a spirited description of the social con- 

 dition of the workmen in a Galician petroleum dis- 

 trict. Clement Junosza's " The Spiders: Pictures of 

 Warsaw Life " deals with the petty Jewish usurers, 

 while M. Gawalewicz has treated another phase of 

 the Jewish question the marriage of a Christian 

 lady with a Jew in his " Mechesy." A. Krecho- 

 wiecki in " There am I," and the famous E. Orzeszko 



in "The Two Poles," both treat interesting psycho- 

 logical problems. The "Writings" of F. Boberska. 

 " Collected Works " of St. Busgoryflski, and " Poems " 

 [. Kossakowska have appeared. Other noteworthy 

 ks of fiction are Mine. G. Zapolska's " In the 



Collected Works 

 of M. 

 works 



Blood " ; Mile. Ostoja's " True Histories " ; several 

 novels by Mile. Rodziewicz ; A. Gruszecki's " The 

 Tuzy," indicating uncommon talent; M. Rodriewic- 

 zowna's " The Lion in the Net " ; stories by I. Za- 

 gorski, noted for inventive power and perfection of 

 style ; I. Dabrowski's " Felka" ; K. R. Niemirowski's 

 "A Terrible Night"; W. Belza's "Miscellany, 

 Sketches, Types, and Pictures"; Jul. Letowski's 

 'An angular Soul"; 1. Gizowski's "The House of 

 the Outlawed " W. Kosiakiewicz's " Ladislas " ; and 



A. Soltau's " A Disappointed Hope." 



The past year has witnessed the publication of a 

 new edition of the poems of K. Djejski (the last sur- 

 vivor of the brilliant romantic pleiad of Polish poets) 

 on the jubilee of this septuagenarian, as well as new 

 works by A. Asnyk, the most remarkable lyric poet 

 in this country. The other chief poetical productions 

 of the year are Urbanski's "Mutiny," a patriotic re- 

 cital of the disasters of the Polish revolt of 1863; K. 

 Glinski's spirited lyrics ; " Belated Songs," by Fen- 

 cyan, highly refined, as always ; " Borys," an anony- 

 mous poem of merit; "Anima Lachrymans," by J. 

 Kasprowicz ; and Miriam's " From the Cup of Youth " 

 (much praised, "influenced by the new school of 

 western poetry "). 



Among dramatists, K. Zalewski has achieved a con- 

 spicuous success by his "fantastic" comedy "What 

 do you mean by it ? " Z. Sarnecki utilizes the theory 

 of hypnotism 'in his "Enchantments"; S. Gra\ li- 

 ner's "Irene" proved effective; Maeterlinck has 

 found an imitator in L. Rydel, author of " Dies Ira- " 

 and "The Mother"; J. Wieniawski's "Mouse with- 

 out Cat " is a jolly and unpretentious farce ; E. Lu- 

 bowski has not been as successful in his farce " An 

 Excursion under Difficulties " as in his more serious 

 comedies; and M. Balucki has failed in attempting 

 to combine melodrama and farce in " Gossip." 



Portugal. Noteworthy literary results of the quad- 

 ricentenary celebration of Columbus's discovery were 

 " Algunos Documentos do Arehivo Nacional da Torre 

 do Tombo acerca das Navegac.oes e Conquistas por- 

 tuguezas, publicados por ordern do Govern*) de Sua 

 M'ajestade ..." (1892) and " Esmaraldo de Situ Orlns, 

 por Duarte Pacheco Pereira. Ediao commemorativa 

 da Descoberta da America por Christovao Colom- 

 bo . . ." (1892). Vol. I of "Monumenta Portugaliae 

 historica a Saeculo octava post Christum usque ad 

 quintum decimum iusso Academicae Scientiarum 

 Olisiponensis edita" appeared in 1891. 



J. P. de Oliveira Martins, one of the foremost writ- 

 ers, orators, and scholars of Portugal, died Aug. '.M, 

 1894. Of his "Bibliotheca das Sciencias soci 

 begun in 1880, 16 volumes have appeared. 

 fourth (posthumous) edition of Antonio dos Sail 

 tos Pereira Jardim's " Principios de Finangas" (le 

 tures delivered 1868-'69) was published in 1891, ai 



B. Aranha, the continuator of I. Fr. da Silva'a 

 "Diccionario bibliograpliico portuguez," has issued 



