LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



439 



Vol. XVI of tli at valuable bibliography. Finally, J. 

 I>. Cordeiro da Matta's ' Ensaio de Diccionario Kim- 

 bundu-Portuguez " is an interesting contribution to 

 the literature of negro languages. 



Kussia. The important new works on national his- 

 tory deal mainly with the western provinces. J. 

 Lcnichenko discusses "Some Aspects of the His- 

 torv of Social Classes in the Southwest of Kussia 

 ( Galicia) in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries " ; 

 M. Lyubavski describes " The Division into Districts 

 and Local Administration of the Lithuano-Russian 

 State at the Epoch of the Publication of the First 

 Lithuanian Code"; Leontovitch is the author of 

 " Kssays on the History of Lithuano-Russian Law"; 

 and J.'Miklashevsky has made researches in the his- 

 tory of agriculture on the southern border of Russia 

 in the seventeenth century. Prince Kuraken's u Ar- 

 chives," the important and voluminous collection of 

 the papers of Peter the Great, and the " Journal " of 

 the Historical Society swell the list of " documentary 

 sources." A. Petrof' writes of" The Influence of the 

 Turkish Wars since the Middle of Last Century on 

 the Development of the Art of War in Russia." A. 

 Velitzin has written of the historical development of 

 the colonies of " The Germans in Russia." Ecclesi- 

 astical history has been contributed to by Vasil'ef 

 {" History of the Canonization of the Russian Saints") 

 and Einhorn (" Relations between the Minor Russian 

 Clergy and the Moscow Government in the Seven- 

 teenth Century "). V. Sergyevitch's " Lectures and 

 Researches concerning the Ancient History of Rus- 

 sian Law," Pavlinov's "History of Russian Archi- 

 tecture," and N. P. Sovko's " Lexicon of Russian 

 Artists," deal with other phases of national develop- 

 ment. The 5 volumes on " Industries of Russia," 

 prepared by the Russian Government and translated 

 into English under the supervision of J. M. Craw- 

 ford, consul general at St. Petersburg, contain statis- 

 tical matter of great importance and interest. Among 

 the historical books dealing with countries other than 

 Russia is a valuable monograph on Church and state 

 in Geneva in the sixteenth century by Wipper; 

 Forsten's careful study of the " Baltic Question in 

 the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"; I. Kauf- 

 man's " The National Debt of England, 1688-1890", 

 and P. Martyanol's " Deeds and Men of the Century." 

 Tchkhov's voluminous notes of a journev to the island 

 of Sakhalin and V. Sidorofs" Through Russia ; I : The 

 Volira" are impressions de voyage; and Korolenko's 

 " In the Year of Hunger " vividly pictures the miseries 

 of the famishing peasants of Nizhni-Novgorod. The 

 vehement criticism of the social programme of 1880- 

 '1*0 was succeeded by discussion of that of the " peas- 

 antists," and this in* turn by dispute over " Marxism." 

 The literature on " peasantism " has been enriched by 

 the essays of V. V. (Vorontsov), " Our Political Tend- 

 encies," and the revised edition of the second and last 

 volume of the " Bases of Peasantism " of T. Kablitz 

 ( Y-uzo-o'), recently deceased, a typical representative of 

 u peasantism " in its most pronounced form. The ex- 

 treme doctrines of the " Marxists " have been com- 

 bated by N. K. Mikhailovsky, Krivenko, etc. The 

 confident hope of the last decade in the arising of an 

 original Russian school of philosophy appears to have 

 been destined to disappointment. Though criticism 

 is said to be the predominant spirit, the new philo- 

 sophical works represent various movements and 

 schools. " Western Practice and Russian Theory," 

 by A. Vvedenski, " a philosopher of the orthodox na- 

 tional type," and " Basis of Logic and Metaphysics." 

 by Tehetcherin, the old follower of Hegel, are char- 

 acterized as of the spiritualistic school ; while the late 

 V. A. Snegerev's " Psychology," and researches in 

 experimental psychology by N."N. Lange, are classed 

 with the empirical. A. Vvedenski has written also 

 '^The Present State of Philosophy in Germany and 

 France." Count Leo Tolstoi, the 'influence of whose 

 ideas appears to be decreasing, has in " The King- 

 dom of -God is within you" summarized his former 

 religious and ethical propaganda and defended the 

 -cause of "spiritual Christianity." "The Unknown 



Life of Jesus Christ," by Nicolas Xotovitch, is the 

 biography of "the prophet Issa," claimed to have 

 been discovered in a Buddhist monastery in Tibet. 

 The book, which has appeared in English and French 

 editions, has been the subject of much discussion, 

 and has been regarded as untrustworthy. Notovitch 

 is also the translator of " Souvenirs de Sevastopol," 

 written by various hands, and collected arid edited by 

 the late Alexander III. Among the most important 

 publications in the domain of literary history is an 

 excellent study of Boccaccio by Alexander Veselov- 

 sky. Monographs by Shepelevitch on the saga of 

 " Ivudrun," ty Halansky on the Servian epic, "Song 

 of Mark the King's Son," and by Sazonovitch 011 

 Burger's " Leonore " ; Istrin's study of the part played 

 by the famous mediaeval romance " Alexander of 

 Macedon" in Slavic literature; Zhitetsky's note- 

 worthy work on the "Minor Russian Ballads"; the 

 popular books of the late Shahov and of Alexey 

 Veselovsky, who has issued "Studies and Charac- 

 teristics" (essays on Diderot, Beaumarchais, Swift, 

 Griboyedov, etc.) ; N. Kozhevinkova's " Short Sketch 

 of the Life and Work of W. Shakespeare," are among 

 the other publications in this field. The Academy of 

 Sciences has published the complete works of the 

 late A. Kotlarevsky and an excellent edition of the 

 works of Lomonosov. A complete edition of the 

 writings of the well-known poet A. N. Pleshtchecv 

 (died 1894) has also appeared, and S. A. Venguerov 

 lias published a collection of the Russian poets of 

 the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 



Of the new contributions to prose fiction, Bobori- 

 kin's novel " The Turning Point" is to be specially 

 noted as an attempt to present the social life of the 

 day in its varying aspects, delineating the Hegelian, 

 the progressive, the representative of peasantism and 

 Tolstoiism, and the devotees of egotism and unre- 

 strained individuality. Probably the best new work 

 by Potapenko, who is ever prolific, is the novel 

 " Alone." His first attempt at play writing, a drama- 

 tization of Pushkin's death, with a transformation of 

 persons and surroundings, was not so successful. 

 Tchkhov's " The Woman's Kingdom " is intended to 

 illustrate the injurious effects of culture on a typical 

 girl of the commercial classes. Grigorovitch, a writer 

 of the 1850-'60 period, has published a short story 

 entitled " Porfirv Petrovitch Mamiri, Garin, Albov, 

 Barantsevitch, Kukushkin." Matchet, Olga Shapir, 

 Nefedov, and Sheller (Mikhailov) have issued novels 

 and stories of more or less importance. Other works 

 of fiction are : I. SalofTs " After Nature : Sketches 

 and Talcs " ; E. Salias's " Ex-Hussars " ; A. Amphi- 

 teatroffs " The Psychopaths : Truth and Fiction " ; 

 V. I. Krizhanovskaya's " The Jewish Revenge " and 

 " The Rekennsteins " ; N. Leikin's " In the Lap of 

 Nature : Sketches of Suburban and Country Life " ; 

 V. V. Vereshtchagin's "The Litterateur"; K. M. 

 Stanyukevitch's " Into the Sea ! " and " The Victims : 

 three Stories " ; N. T. Lyetnef s " The Disease of the 

 Present " ; and Barantzevitch's " The Still Joy, and 

 other Stories." One of the indications of the social 

 reawakening in Russia is the remarkable increase in 

 the production and sale of books, among which many 

 translations serve to accentuate the " tame character " 

 of which Russian critics themselves have accused the 

 national literature of to-day. According to L. N. 

 Pavlenkof, in 1893 there were published in the Rus- 

 sian Empire, with the single exception of Finland, 

 10,242 books in 33,750,000 copies; 772 were in 

 Polish, 443 in Hebrew, and 327 in German; 629 were 

 classed as belles-lettres; in history and biography 

 there were 404. 



Spain. The number of books published js increas- 

 ing, and historical literature comprises no inconsider- 

 able portion of the product. In the Academy of 

 History's Series " Memorial historico espanol " there 

 have appeared the sixth and last volume of the inter- 

 esting account of the rebellion of Catalonia (1652-1660) 

 and Jose Cornide's " El Estado de Portugal en 1800," 

 the manuscript of which had lain in the library of 

 the Royal Academy for ninety years. Another old 



