LITERATURE, SPANISH AMERICAN. 



the next five years witnessed the production of a long 

 string of translations, the European novel having 

 suddenly become the center of literary interest, while 

 the power of Bakin and his school, with its didactic 

 tendencies, was broken through the efforts of Tsubou- 

 chi, Yamada Taketaro, Ozaki, and others. The en- 

 thusiasm for the new movement reached its height 

 in 1888, and has since then subsided. This was part- 

 ly due to the general reaction against the foreign 

 spirit, which had been going to extremes; now the 

 pendulum naturally swung too far again in the oppo- 

 site direction. As K. A. Florenz says : " Among the 

 Japanese there still reigns a lively interest in 'belles- 

 lettres. The most diverse principles arc at war with 

 t>;u'li other; new meteors appear and disappear again. 

 But the literary blood, at all events, is not sluggish 

 in circulation." 



Among the newer publications by Japanese au- 

 thurs should be mentioned Naomi Tamura's "The 

 Japanese Bride "(New York, 1893), the circulation of 

 the Japanese translation of which was prohibited as 

 an unpatriotic slander on Japan's women; "Japanese 

 Women," a composite work by native authoresses, 

 privately printed at Chicago ; " The Japanese 

 Abroad" (" Sekai ni Okeru Nihon Jin"), by Wata- 

 nabe (1893, Tokio), an interesting account of Japanese 

 of earlier centuries who traveled or won fame in 

 other lands ; " Japan and the Pacific " (London, 1890), 

 by Manjiro Inagaki; and Hiroguki Kato's "Der 

 Kampf urn's Recht der Stiirkeren," a much-discussed 

 work by one well versed in the sociological literature 

 of Germany. General articles on modern Japanese 

 literature, fuller than this necessarily brief account, 

 will be found in " Transactions of the Ninth Inter- 

 national Congress of Orientalists " ; B. 11. Chamber- 

 lain's "Things Japanese"; Henry Norman's " Keal 

 Japan"; and K. A. Florenz's " Zur japanischen 

 Literatur der Gegenwart." 



LITERATURE, SPANISH AMERICAN. 

 South America is a " happy hunting ground for 

 bibliography," says R. Garnett. Jose Toribio Medina, 

 a Chilian, in 1891 produced a bibliography of Chilian 

 literature to 1810, and in the following year issued 

 Part II of his " Historia y Bibliograiia de la Imprenta 

 en la America Espanola," dealing with " Paraguay y 

 el Vireinato del Rio de la Plata." D. Barros Arana's 

 " Historia general de Chile," Vol. XII (Santiago, 1894), 

 and C. Rios Gonzales's " Noyisima Recopilacion de 

 Leyesy Dispociones gubernativps " (Valparaiso, 1894) 

 are concerned with Chilian affairs. 



Estanislao Zeballos, minister to Washington from the 

 Argentine Republic in 1893-'94, is noted as a politi- 

 cian, scientist, and writer, has produced novels on the 

 Indians and begun a history of Paraguay, and seems 

 in hi.< versatility to represent what is best in his 

 country in various departments of activity and 

 thought. Domingo Pantoja has shown not much 

 prejudice in his "The United States and South 

 America: the Yankees painted by themselves." 

 J. S. Lopez de Gomara has contributed to philosophy 

 in his "La nueva Doctrina : Ideales y Observaciones 

 de Moral y Filosofia" (Buenos Ayres, 1893). "La 

 Provincia Entrc-Rios " ( Parana, 1893) is a descrip- 

 tive work written for the Chicago Exposition by the 

 commission appointed by the Government of that 

 province of the Argentine Republic. 



According to E. W. Middendorf, few books appear 

 in Lima, and those are mostly printed in Paris. 

 Literary activity finds vent in pamphlets and the 

 periodical press. (See also C. R. Markham's " History 

 of Peru.") 



Cuba may boast of having produced a French 

 academician, Jose Maria de Hereclia (noticed under 

 Prance). Carlos M. de Cespedes, an American by 

 birth, is preparing for publication the papers of hi's 

 father, the Cuban patriot. The book will be printed 

 m Paris, in Spanish. The literary magazine of the 

 island is the " Revista Cubana." 



Scientific publications, not infrequently inspired 

 "y foreign residents, are not wanting. The Observa- 

 torio at Rio dc Janeiro has published its " Annuario" 



LOUISIANA. 



441 



since 1885; the " Archivos" of the Muscu Nacional, 

 in the same city, reached Vol. VIII in 1892; the 

 ;> Resultados" of the Observatorio Nacional Anreu- 

 tino are printed in Spanish and English. E. Coldi, 

 by the way, has issued a second edition of the 

 " "Mammiferos" and "Aves" of Brazil. It may be 

 added that a timely volume on " La Cuestion inone- 

 taria en la America espanola " appeared in Paris in 

 1893. 



LOUISIANA, a Western State, admitted to 

 the Union April 30, 1812 ; area, 48,720 square 

 miles. Population in 1890, 1,118,587. Capital, 

 Baton Rouge. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers during the year : Governor, Murphy J. 

 Foster ; Lieutenant-Governor (acting), Hiram 

 R. Lott ; Secretary of State, Thomas S. Adams ; 

 Treasurer, John Pickett ; Auditor, W. W. 

 Heard ; Superintendent of Public Instruction, 

 A. D. Lafargue ; Attorney-General, M. J. Cun- 

 ningham ; Adjutant-General, T. F. Bell; Com- 

 missioner of Agriculture, Henry C. Newsom 

 all Democrats. Chief Justice of the Supreme 

 Court, Francis T. Nicholls; Associate Justices. 

 Samuel D. McEnery, Lynn B. Watkins, Joseph 

 A. Breaux, and Henry C. Miller all Demo- 

 crats. 



Finances. The assessment roll of 1893 shows 

 an increase over the preceding year of $15,730,- 

 329.64. The report of the Auditor shows that 

 out of the total of $1,407,840 levied for tax in 

 1892, $1,358,178.53 had been paid into the treas- 

 ury. The indebtedness of the State was re- 

 ported as' follows in the Governor's message : 

 Total 4-per-cent. bonded debt, $11,773,700 ; frac- 

 tional certificates, $464.39 ; total, $11,774,- 

 164.39; less retired by Board of Liquidation, 

 $502.000 ; net, $11.262;i64.39. 



The provision for the retirement of the out- 

 standing warrants of 1885 and 1886 and coupons 

 1 to 11 leaves no outstanding obligation for the 

 support of the State government since January, 

 1880. Debts created prior to 1880 no authority 

 exists for liquidating. The Auditor's warrants, 

 issued under Act 126 of 1880, provide for the 

 liquidation of all valid school certificates of in- 

 debtedness issued by the school board of the 

 city of New Orleans and by the parish boards 

 throughout the State for portion of salaries, etc., 

 prior to 1880. There are now outstanding $87,- 

 191.01 of these warrants. As these warrants 

 are payable only out of school and general fund 

 taxes and licenses due the State prior to the year 

 1879, and not receivable for taxes due prior to 

 1879 until after the baby bonds in principal and 

 interest have been provided for, they are a claim 

 against the uncollected taxes of the years prior 

 to 1880. 



Under Act 93 of 1880, certificates to the 

 amount of $281,791.64 were issued. Deducting 

 therefrom the amount retired, viz., $233,081.56, 

 it leaves outstanding $48,718.08. 



Of warrants issued on the revenues of 1878 

 and previous years, and drawn prior to 1880, 

 which, under Act 104 of 1880, were convertible 

 into baby bonds, there are outstanding $16,- 

 396.65. 



In reference to the $5 or "baby" bonds, 

 the report says: "In accordance with the pro- 

 visions of the constitutional ordinance for the 

 relief of delinquent taxpayers, the Legislature, 

 by Act 104 of 1880, created the funding board, 



