MOROCCO. 



501 



Moors, who poured down from the hills in spite 

 of the fire from the guns of the forts and the gun- 

 boats. Their small force were shut up in the 

 forts of Carnellos and Cabrerizas. On the fol- 

 lowing morning Gen. Margallo attempted to re- 

 turn to the citadel, but was killed with several 

 of his soldiers. His body and 2 captured field 

 guns were retaken by a bayonet charge of the re- 

 lieving force that came up immediately after the 

 disaster. Gen. Ortega made a successful sortie, 

 charging the Riffian trenches with fixed bayo- 

 nets, and succeeded in provisioning the forts of 

 Rostrogordo, Cabrerizas Altas, and Cabrerizas 

 Bajas, which were entirely cut off from the town. 

 The Spanish losses in four days' fighting were 7 

 officers and 15 privates killed and 21 officers and 

 67 privates wounded. On Oct. 29 Gen. Macias 

 arrived to take the chief command. He called 

 for more troops, and to meet the emergency the 

 Government called to the colors all the reserves 

 who had left the army since 1888. A squadron 

 of gunboats was sent to cruise along the coast of 

 Morocco, and Riffian villages within range were 

 bombarded. The Spaniards at Melilla were able 

 to drive back the Moors by daylight, but could 

 not hold their positions at night, when all the 

 work accomplished during the day was destroyed 

 by the tribesmen. On Nov. 6 the besiegers, who 

 had remained quiet for several days and allowed 

 Fort Camellos to be revictualed. advanced in 

 force close to Melilla, blocking all approaches to 

 the forts. A concentrated artillery fire prevent- 

 ed them from destroying the boats that were 

 engaged in debarking horses and supplies from 

 a steamer. At night they destroyed the roads 

 and then retired. The Riffians lost their com- 

 mander, who was killed by a shell during the 

 fight on Nov. 6. They asked for an armistice, 

 which Gen. Macias refused to grant. Their 

 trenches were cannonaded daily, and more than 

 300 were reported to have been killed. An en- 

 voy from Fez commanded the Riffians to cease 

 hostilities, threatening them with the armed 

 forces of the Sultan. At his request Gen. Macias 

 agreed to a week's truce on condition that host- 

 ages should be given, but as none were sent 

 firing was continued. The Spanish lines were 

 extended to several villages formerly belonging 

 to the Riffians. By the aid of strong search 

 lights a heavy cannonade was directed against 

 the besiegers, who were taken by surprise on the 

 night of Nov. 13, and after that they were more 

 wary in approaching the Spanish positions under 

 cover of darkness. A company of guerrillas 

 which was raised among the convicts met the 

 tribesmen with their own tactics and did great 

 execution after the Moors had been compelled by 

 the constant bombardment to abandon their 

 trenches. The Spanish force was sufficient to 

 invade Moorish territory and chastise the Ka- 

 byles, but the Spanish Government still observed 

 its purely defensive policy for fear of opening 

 the Morocco question and provoking England. 

 Muley Araaf, the Sultan's brother, accompanied 

 by Sidi el Gharnit, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 arrived among the Riffians and entered into ne- 

 gotiations with the Spanish commander with a 

 view to ending hostilities. The Sultan had ad- 

 mitted his liability for the breach of the treaty 

 of 1860, which guaranteed the security of the 

 Spanish territory. The Spanish forces were in- 



creased until there were 24,000, and Marshal Mar- 

 tinez Campos went over to take command with 

 power to treat with the Moors. The Riflhu^ 

 would not listen at first to Muley Araaf, but 

 when the Spanish re-enforcements arrived 'thev 

 kept quiet and allowed the work on the fort at 

 Sidi Guariach to proceed under the protection of 

 a guard of the Sultan's soldiers. Muley Araaf 

 was unable to obtain from Gen. Campos the right 

 desired by the Riffians to trade in Melilla, and 

 was not authorized to settle the amount of the 

 indemnity due to Spain. The Riffians were in- 

 duced to suspend hostilities and agree to a neu- 

 tral zone, and a protocol was signed by Gen. 

 Campos and Muley Araaf at Fort Sidi Guariach 

 on Dec. 12, 1893, the matters that required the 

 consideration of the Sultan being reserved for 

 further negotiations. 



Marshal Campos was sent as ambassador ex- 

 traordinary to arrange the terms of settlement 

 with the Sultan and his ministers at the city of 

 Morocco, where he arrived on Jan. 29, 1894. The 

 Sultan conceded in principle the Spanish de- 

 mands, but suggested arbitration in regard to 

 the amount of indemnity. He sent a circular 

 note to the powers, but got no support from 

 them, and on March 5 signed the treaty. It 

 bound the Sultan to pay 20,000,000 pesetas in 

 installments, and in case of default 4 custom- 

 houses were to be placed under Spanish control 

 and to be retained until the whole indemnity 

 was paid. The Sultan undertook to remove the 

 tribes that were concerned in the attacks on 

 Melilla ; to seek out the ringleaders and punish 

 them severely ; to maintain a garrison of 400 

 Askaris on the Melilla frontier; to keep in 

 check the Riff tribes ; to render effective the 

 neutral zone of 500 metres provided for in the 

 treaty of 1860, the mosque situated within to be 

 surrounded with a high wall and opened only at 

 stated religious festivals ; and to permit Spanish 

 consular agents at Fez and Morocco. 



The first installment fell due just after the 

 death of the Sultan, and when a Spanish treas- 

 ury official went to Mazagan on a war vessel to 

 collect it he could get no money nor any definite 

 assurance as to its future payment. 



A New Sultan. Muley Hassan, the Sultan, 

 while making one of his periodical progresses, 

 died suddenly of dysentery on June 7 at Tadla, 

 between Morocco city and Casablanca. He was 

 accompanied by his chosen heir, Muley Abdul 

 Aziz, a youth of fourteen years, who was his son 

 by a Georgian woman, Laela Rekia, his favorite 

 wife. She had been presented to him originally 

 by the Vizier Sidi el Gharnit, who was one of 

 his companions on the fatal journey. When 

 the expedition reached Rabat the ministers and 

 officials and the officers of the army who accom- 

 panied it swore allegiance to Abdul Aziz, June 

 11. There were several other claimants for the 

 throne, chief of whom were Muley Mohammed, 

 the late Sultan's eldest son, Muley Omar, the 

 Khalifa of Fez, another son, and Muley Ismail, 

 the brother of Muley Hassan, who a year or two 

 before had been deposed from office on account 

 of his dangerous popularity. Muley Mohammed, 

 a fanatical Moslem, was expected to raise the 

 standard of revolt among the tribes, and per- 

 haps be joined by 4 of his brothers, for he was 

 the son of a legitimate Shereefa, not of a Cir- 



