622 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (SCHMITZ TAWHIAO.) 



Schmitz, Adolf, a German painter, born in Darm- 

 stadt, July '2, 1825; died in Diisseldorf, March 1'J, 

 1894. He Studied art in Frankfort and in France and 

 Belgium, and devoted himself to historical painting, 

 treating often biblical subjects, and producing nota- 

 ble wall paintings in Cologne and other cities. 



Serafini, Lnigi, an Italian prelate, born in Magliano, 

 June 7, 1808 ; died in Rome, Feb. 2, 1894. He \\ as 

 made a cardinal on March 1-2, 1877, being a very 

 learned man, well versed in the law, and for many 

 years he was Prefect of the ( 'ongrcgation of the Coun- 

 cil. In 1888 he was made Bishop of Sabina. 



Smith, Wilh'am Robertson, a Scottish Orientalist and 

 theologian, born in Keiu\ Aberdeenshire, Nov. 8, 

 1844; died in Cambridge, March 81, 1894. He was 

 educated at Aberdeen University, New College, Edin- 

 burgh, and Bonn and Gottingen, and in 1870 was ap- 

 pointed to the chair of Hebrew and Old Testament 

 Exegesis in the new Free Church College in Aber- 

 deen. He enunciated the principles of the "higher 

 criticism," meaning the " fair and honest looking at 

 the Bible as an historical record "and the effort to 

 reach the u real meaning and historical setting " of 

 the Scriptures a.s a whole. Articles that he wrote for 

 the" Encyclopaedia Britannica" in 1875 on " Angels" 

 and " Bible " brought his orthodoxy under suspicion. 

 In the latter article he said that the Pentateuch and 

 the earlier prophets formed a single continuous nar- 

 rative made up of a variety of records of different 

 ages and styles, and not the work of Moses, Joshua, 

 and Samuel. The college committee of the Free 

 Church found the article dangerous, though not ex- 

 actly heretical. In 1877 Prof. Kobertson Smith was 

 libeled before the presbytery, and in February, 1878, 

 lie submitted an elaborate defense. The libel was 

 amended, and he issued another defense in June, 1878, 

 dealing with the charge of contradicting the doctrine 

 of the "Confession of Faith of the immediate inspira- 

 tion, infallible truth, and divine authority of the 

 Scriptures, especially in regard to Deuteronomy, 

 lie was acquitted by the presbytery and exonerated 

 by the General Assembly in 1879; yet, on the motion 

 of other presbyteries, a 'commission was constituted 

 which in August, 1880, forbade him to teach his 

 classes. Subsequent to that Dr. Smith expounded 

 the higher criticism to large audiences in Glasgow 

 and Edinburgh, and afterward published the lec- 

 tures under the title of u The Old Testament in the 

 Jewish Church." In 1881 he edited an English edi- 

 tion of Wellhausen's " History of Israel." In 1883 

 he became reader in Arabic at Cambridge, in 1880 

 university librarian, and in 1889 Professor of Arabic 

 and a fellow of Christ's College. 



Stephen, Sir Alfred, an Australian jurist, born in St. 

 Christopher, West Indies, in 1802; died in Sydney, 

 New South Wales, Oct. 15, 1894. His father was 

 Solicitor General of the Leeward Isles, and afterward 

 jiidi^e of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. 

 The son was educated at the Charterhouse School, 

 London, and in Devonshire, was called to the bar in 

 1*23 in Lincoln's Inn, in 1825 became Solicitor Gen- 

 eral of Van Demon's Land, and from 1832 till L886 

 war- Attorney-General. In 1839 he was called to the 

 Supreme bench of New South Wales, and in 1844 he 

 became Chief Justice, which office he tilled till 1x7:1. 

 He was knighted in 1*40. In 1856 he was president 

 of the Legislative Council in the first free Parlia- 

 ment of the colony, and when he resigned the chief 

 judi/eship he was appointed a member of the same 

 body. In 1*75 lie became Lieutenant-Governor of 

 New South Wales, to act as Governor after the de- 

 parture of Sir Hercules Robinson. 



Stephen. Sir James Fitzjames, an Knirlish jurist, born 

 in London, March ',, Is2'.; died there, March 12. 1*'.*4. 

 He was educated at Trinity Colleire, Cambridge, and 

 two years after graduation was called to the bar, in 

 ls.~>k He became distinguished not for brilliancy 

 but for research, which lie had an opportunity to dis- 

 play in the defense of the Rev. Roland Williams in 

 his trial for heresy and in the prosecution of Gov- 

 ernor Eyre. He expounded his doctrines of jurispru- 



dence, founded on the theories of Bentham and Aus- 

 tin, in newspapers and reviews, published in 1863 

 "A General View of the Criminal Law," and later 

 gave out a collection of his magazine articles under 

 the title " Essays by a Barrister." In 1809 he was 

 appointed the successor of Sir Henry Maine as legal 

 member of the Legislative Council of the Governor 

 General of India. For the next three years he 

 labored incessantly at the work of codification begun 

 by his predecessor, and passed the Indian evidence 

 act and the code of criminal procedure, which in an 

 amended form was re-enacted in 1882. Returning to 

 F^ngland in 1872, he set to work to codify the English 

 laws of evidence under the direction of Lord Cole- 

 ridge, then Attorney-General, and attenuated to reduce 

 the English criminal law to a code. The bills em- 

 bodying these labors failed to pass into law. He was 

 Professor of Common Law at the Inns of Court, and 

 a frequent writer. His "Liberty, Fraternity, and 

 Equality " was a reply to J. S. Mills's u Liberty." In 

 1879 he was appointed judge of the Queen's bench. 

 The most elaborate of his published works is "His- 

 tory of the Criminal Law of England." He wrote 

 also a " Digest of the Law of Criminal Procedure " 

 and a " Digest of the Law of Evidence." 



Symonds, Sir Thomas, a British admiral, born July 

 15, 1813; died in Torquay, Nov. 14, 1894. He was a 

 son of Rear-Admiral Sir William Symonds, and en- 

 tered the navy in 1825, becoming a lieutenant in Is:i2. 

 He took part as captain of the "Agamemnon " in the 

 capture of Redout Kaleh in lsr>4. He commanded 

 the "Arethusa" in the capture of Eupatoria, and later 

 in the defense of that place. In the bombardment of 

 Fort Constantino his ship was so badly battered that 

 he had to take her to Constantinople for repairs. He 

 became a rear admiral in 1800 and a vice admiral in 

 1866, was knighted in 1*1:7, in 1871 he reached the 

 rank of a full admiral, and in 1879 was made admiral 

 of the fleet. 



Tach6, Alexandra Antonine, a Canadian prelate, born 

 in Riviere-du-Loup, July 23, 1823; died in Winni- 

 peg, June 22. 1894. He was graduated at the College 

 of St. Hyacinthe, studied theology at the Seminary 

 of Montreal, and returned as Professor of Mathemat- 

 ics in the College of St. Ilyacinthe, but resigned 

 after a few months to become a rnonk of the Oblate 

 order and go among the Indians of the Red river as a 

 missionary, reaching St. Boniface in August, 1845. 

 after a perilous and 'arduous journey. On Oct. 12 of 

 that year he was the lirst priest ordained on the Red 

 river, and in July, 1840, he went to labor among the 

 Indians in the Northwest, enduring hardships with a 

 zeal and fortitude that became known throughout 

 Canada and in Europe. At the age of twenty-six he 

 was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of St. Boniface, and 

 was consecrated Bishop of St. Avath in partibus on 

 Nov. 23, 1851, in the Cathedral of Viviers. He re- 

 turned to Canada, and reached Ile-a-la-Crosse, the 

 headquarters of his mission, in September, 1852. He 

 set to work founding new missions, attracting French 

 settlers, building schools, chapels, and convents. In 

 February, 1853, he became Bishop of St. Boniface. 

 He laid the grievances of the Metis before the Cana- 

 dian Government in 1869, and endeavored in vain to 

 prevent their political condition being altered with- 

 out their consent. While he was absent attending 

 the Vatican Council the troubles culminated in an 

 uprising, and in March, 1870, lie returned, bearing 

 authority from the Imperial and Dominion govern- 

 ments to offer amnesty to all the insurgents. St. 

 Boniface was erected in 1871 into a metropolitan see, 

 of which he was made archbishop. He wrote, among 

 other works, " Vingt Annecs de Missions dans le 

 Nord-Ouest de rAmerique" and " Esquisse sur le 

 Nord-Ouest de rAmerique." 



Tawhiao, Maori kin-r. died Aug. 27, 1*'.4. He was 

 the son of Potatauor Te Whero \\ 'hero, the first native 

 king of the Maoris, and was chosen to succeed his 

 father in June, Ison. His attitude toward the New 

 Zealand Government was one of uncompromising 

 hostility till 1875, when he offered to come to a 



