PORTUGAL. 



671 



cent, of their initial weight may still recuperate 

 under favorable conditions ; but loss of sleep for 

 four or five days is fatal. The temperature of 

 the sleepless animal finally falls as much as 8 C. 

 below the normal, the reflexes disappear, and the 

 red corpuscles first diminish in number, and then 

 undergo a final increase during the last two days, 

 when the animal refuses food. Fatty degenera- 

 tion of the tissues was the chief histological 

 change noted at the post-mortem examination ; 

 the blood vessels often appeared compressed, 

 were surrounded by leucocytes, and capillary 

 haemorrhages were observed on the surface of 

 the cerebral hemispheres, with more extensive 

 ones along the optic pathway ; while the spinal 

 cord appeared abnormally dry and anasmic. 

 When it is remembered that the central system 

 withstands the effects of starvation in a most re- 

 markable manner, maintaining its full weight up 

 to the death of the animal, the disturbance fol- 

 lowing a few days' loss of sleep is impressive. 



Prof. Marshall Ward demonstrated, in 1893, 

 that the bactericidal power of light is the pecul- 

 iar property of the rays of short wave length. 

 It is not perceived in the infra-red, orange, and 

 yellow, but "begins at the blue end of the green, 

 rises to a maximum as we pass to the violet end 

 of the blue, and diminishes as we proceed in the 

 violet to the ultraviolet regions." It has been 

 generally observed, also, that the antibiotic prop- 

 erty of light is manifested only when oxygen is 

 present, and it was proved by Wiirster that when 

 evaporation takes place in direct sunlight " act- 

 ive oxygen " is produced. These results make it 

 possible that the bactericidal action of light and 

 oxygen is due to the production of some oxidiz- 

 ing substance at the surface of the fluid, and, if 

 this be the case, it in turn would account for the 

 fact that the action of light is limited to a thin 

 layer next the free surface. Reasoning thus, R. 

 F. D'Arcy and W. B. Hardy sought to determine 

 whether the active portion of the spectrum in 

 Ward's experiments might be shown to be that 

 in which the production of " active oxygen " 

 takes place when evaporation occurs in the pres- 

 ence of light ; and they have found that such is 

 the case. Their experiments show that when the 

 spectrum of a powerful arc light is allowed to 

 fall on a moist surface in the presence of a deli- 

 cate indicator oxidation occurs and the action 

 begins at the blue end of the green and contin- 

 ues through the blue and violet to the ultravio- 

 let region. In other words, the action is confined 

 to a portion of the spectrum which corresponds 

 to the region of activity in Ward's experiments. 

 They conclude, therefore, that the bactericidal 

 action of light and air is in part, at any rate, due 

 to the production of some oxidizing body or 

 bodies. Westbrook, also, has shown that air is 

 consumed when bacilli or their products are de- 

 stroyed by sunlight. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern 

 Europe. The legislative power is vested in the 

 Cortes, consisting of a Chamber of Peers con- 

 taining 52 hereditary members, 13 prelates, and 

 139 life peers, and a Chamber of Deputies con- 

 taining 180 members elected by direct suffrage 

 for four years. The monarchy is hereditary in 

 the house of Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. The reign- 

 ing monarch is Carlos I. born Sept. 28, 1863. 

 who succeeded his father, Luis I, Oct. 19, 1889. 



The ministry was composed as follows at the 

 beginning of 1894 : Premier and Minister of Fi- 

 nance, E. R. Hintze Ribeiro ; Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, Frederico Arouca ; Minister of the 

 Interior, F. F. Pinto Castello Branco ; Minister 

 of Justice and Worship, A. d'Azevedo Castello 

 Branco ; Minister of War, Col. A. Pimentel 

 Pinto ; Minister of Marine and the Colonies, 

 J. A. de Brissac dos Neves Ferreira ; Minister, of 

 Commerce, Industry, and Public Works, Carlos 

 Lobo d'Avila. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 kingdom is 34,038 square miles. The popula- 

 tion in 1881 was 4,550,699. The population of 

 Lisbon, the capital, at the last census (1878) 

 was 246,343 ; of Oporto, the chief seaport, 105,- 

 838. The number of marriages in 1890 was 

 35,769 : of births, 164,627 ; of deaths, 127,237 ; 

 excess of births, 37,390. The number of emi- 

 grants was 29,427. 



Finances. The revenue has been for five 

 years or more from 10,000 to 15,000 contos less 

 than the annual expenditure. In the revised 

 estimates for the year 1893-'94 the total revenue 

 is estimated at 43,674,457 milreis, and the ex- 

 penditure at 44,677,022 milreis, including 1,816,- 

 595 milreis of extraordinary expenditure. Of 

 the revenue, 11,020,430 milreis are derived from 

 direct taxes, 4,556,000 milreis coming from in- 

 comes, 3,107,000 from land, 1,170,000 from in- 

 dustrial taxes, 508,100 from house rents, and 

 432,800 from an interest tax. The indirect con- 

 tributions amount to 20,476,860 milreis, of 

 which 15,476,860 milreis are from customs, and 

 the remainder from a wine and meat tax, octrois 

 of Lisbon, and taxes on alcohol, exports, ton- 

 nage, railroad transport, fishing, matches, etc. 

 Other sources of revenue are : Registration, 

 2,002,000 milreis; stamped paper, 1,504.500 mil- 

 reis ; lotteries, 280,000 milreis ; additional im- 

 posts, 1,725,800 milreis ; railroads, 1,593,000 

 milreis; posts and telegraphs, 1,159,000 milreis; 

 state printing establishment, 139,300 milreis ; 

 recruiting, 300,000 milreis ; other receipts. 549,- 

 005 milreis; receipts d'ordre, 3,024,562 milreis. 

 Of the total expenditures, the public debt, pen- 

 sions, and loss by exchange absorb 21,922,919 

 milreis. The other branches are : 5,123,656 mil- 

 reis for the Ministry of War, 3,542,823 milreis 

 for the Ministry of Marine and the Colonies, of 

 which 1,052,500 milreis are for the colonies ; 

 4,639,642 milreis for the Ministry of Public 

 Works, Commerce, and Industry, including ex- 

 penses for roads, railroads, telegraphs, and 

 other works, posts, agriculture, trade and com- 

 merce, and administration ; 1,033.608 milreis for 

 the Ministry of Worship and Justice; 2,280,415 

 milreis for the Ministry of the Interior, includ- 

 ing the cost of public s'afety, charitable institu- 

 tions, public health, libraries, instruction, etc. ; 

 3.148,419 milreis for the Ministry of Finance ; 

 390,210 milreis for the Ministry of Foreign Af- 

 fairs ; 60,465 milreis for savings banks ; 525,000 

 milreis for the civil list ; and 99,270 milreis for 

 the Cortes. 



The public debt in 1894 amounted to 668,205,- 

 469 milreis, exclusive of the floating debt, 

 amounting on Jan. 31 to 21,796,000 milreis. 

 The funded debt consists of 529,993,076 milreis 

 of 3-per-cent. bonds consolidated on Oct. 30, 

 1893, 138,212,393 milreis amortizable on June 



