SPAIN. 



723 



plices they suffer the same penalties as the 

 principals. Anarchist associations are declared 

 illegal and are to be dissolved by the police, the 

 members being liable to criminal prosecution. 



Commercial Relations. The session of the 

 Cortes was closed on July 11 without the budget 

 having been voted or the German treaty of com- 

 merce ratified. The Protectionists of the Senate, 

 .supported by both Republicans and Conserva- 

 tives in the lower house, continually blocked 

 the German treaty and the arrangements made 

 with France, Great Britain. Austria, Italy, and 

 Denmark for the renewal of the commercial 

 treaties, although the Premier had declared the 

 German treaty a Cabinet question and the Senate 

 had given him a vote of confidence on that declara- 

 tion. An agreement was reached with Belgium by 

 which Spanish wines and cork are admitted free, 

 and dried and fresh fruits with reduced duties. 

 Treaties were concluded also with Sweden and 

 Norway, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. A 

 provisional agreement with Germany, which had 

 been renewed ten times, expired on May 15. Spain 

 began a tariff war by applying the maximum 

 tariff to German products, and Germany retorted 

 by raising her duties 50 per cent, for Spanish 

 products. On June 30 the modus vivendi with 

 Great Britain expired, but the most-favored- 

 nation treatment was continued. On July 10 a 

 royal decree was signed, extending provisionally 

 the advantages of the Swiss treaty to Germany 

 as well as to Great Britain, France. Austria- 

 Hungary, Italy, and Denmark, on condition that 

 the lowest tariffs apply to Spanish goods. 



Cabinet Changes. Before the reassembling 

 of the Cortes another reconstruction of the 

 Cabinet was effected. Senor Groizard became 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs : Senor Maura, Min- 

 ister of Justice ; Senor Capdebon, Minister of the 

 Interior; Seiior Abarzuza, Minister of the Col- 

 onies ; and Seiior Puigcerver, Minister of Public 

 Works. The other ministers retained their 

 posts. The list was announced on Nov. 4. 

 Senor Abarzuza was a Republican Senator, a 

 lieutenant of Senor Castelar, the leader of the 

 Moderate Republicans or Possibilists, who, after 

 having nominally withdrawn some time before 

 from public life, in the spring of 1894 formally 

 declared his acceptance of the present monarchy. 

 The admission again to the Cabinet of Senor 

 Maura, whose home-rule bill had been assailed by 

 Conservatives, Republicans, and Carlists alike, 

 brought the Cuban question to the front when 

 the Cortes met. Governor-General Callejas was 

 accused of favoring the Autonomists in Cuba 

 and of oppressing the Spanish or Unionist party. 

 The new Colonial Minister announced that the 

 proposal to create a Chamber of 24 delegates 

 for the local government of Cuba would be 

 abandoned, but that the Cubans should be al- 

 lowed to collect and disburse taxes for public 

 works, charitable institutions, police, and the 

 civil guard, and be required to contribute no 

 more to imperial taxation than the interest and 

 sinking fund of the debt, amounting to $12,- 

 000,000, the military and naval charges, amount- 

 ing to $5,000,000, and the cost of the postal and 

 telegraph service, which is $3,000,000. In the 

 middle of December Senor Salvador resigned 

 from the Ministry of Finance, and Senor Cana- 

 lejas entered the Cabinet to take his place. 



Colonies. The Spanish possessions in the 

 Pacific consist of the Philippine Islands, which, 

 with the Sulu, the Caroline, and the Marianne 

 groups, have a total area of 116,256 square 

 miles. In the Philippines there are 5,985,124 

 inhabitants, besides about 1,000,000 or 2,000,000 

 of unconquered natives. The budget for 1894- 

 '95 makes the receipts 2,715,980 sterling, of 

 which 1,331,890 are raised by direct taxation. 

 The expenses are estimated at 2,656,026, of 

 which 1,299,047 are for war and marine. The 

 imports in 1893 were $24,000,000, and the ex- 

 ports $30,500,000 in value. The export of sugar 

 was valued at $18,000,000; of Manilla hemp, 

 $10,000,000. There is building a railroad from 

 Manilla to Dagupan, 120 miles. There are 7 

 regiments of native infantry, 1 regiment of artil- 

 lery, and 1 battalion of engineers in the Philip- 

 pines, the total force being 573 officers and 9,300 

 men ; also a naval force of 2 first-class, 15 second- 

 class, and 5 sloop gunboats. 



The Anarchists. Salvador Franch, who was 

 arrested on Jan. 1, confessed that he was the 

 anarchist who threw the bombs in the Liceo 

 Theater of Barcelona, killing 23 persons and in- 

 juring 40. When arrested he wounded himself 

 with a pistol in an attempt to commit suicide, 

 and made a second attempt with poison. On 

 Jan. 25, Ramon Morull, a workman, wounded 

 R. Larroca, the civil governor of Barcelona, 

 with a pistol, saying that he meant to avenge 

 Pallas, who was executed for attempting to 

 assassinate Marshal Campos. On April 30 a 

 military court sentenced to death, for complicity 

 in the attempt on Martinez Campos's life, Ma- 

 riano Cerezuela, Bernat Siveval. Jaime Sogas, 

 Jose Codina, Villarubbia, and Manuel Archs, 

 and to hard labor for life Federico Carbonell, 

 Domingo Mir, and Miralles. Several of these 

 were also implicated in the theater outrage. 

 The men condemned to death, of whom Sogas 

 alone professed penitence, were shot on May 21. 

 Franch was executed in November. The news- 

 paper sensation made of the event led the Gov- 

 ernment to decree that executions shall in the 

 future take place inside of the prisons, with no 

 spectators except officials. 



The claims of the American missionaries who 

 were driven from the Caroline Islands the Gov- 

 ernment at Madrid agreed to settle by indemni- 

 fying them for their buildings that were de- 

 stroyed during the military operations for the 

 subjugation of the natives. The missionaries 

 claimed also the right to return to Ponape and 

 re-establish their missions and schools, but this 

 the Spanish Government refused to concede. 



The inhabitants of the Philippine Islands are 

 of several distinct races. There are the Negri- 

 toes, called in Mindanao the Mamanuas, who 

 are a poor race, inoffensive, and for the most 

 part converted to the Roman Catholic religion. 

 The Igolotes are industrious and law-abiding 

 agriculturists, supposed to be descended from 

 Chinese. The Tagales are independent Mussul- 

 man Malay immigrants, who possess the entire 

 interior of Mindanao. They are a martial and 

 athletic people, who are ruled by their own sul- 

 tans, who acknowledge the suzerainty of Spain. 

 The people will not pay taxes to Spain or receive 

 Spanish resident officers. Their villages on the 

 sides of the mountain of Apo are strongly stock- 



