744 



TURKEY. 



friends were at the island, and these participated 

 in simple but impressive funeral exercises in the 

 open air, filling her grave with flowers from the 

 garden that she loved so well. She was buried 

 near the graves of her parents, on an elevation 

 not far from her cottage, from which the sea is 

 visible in all directions. 



It has been suggested that Mrs. Thaxter was 

 quite as felicitous in her prose work as in her 

 poetry, and it is a curious fact that in her volume 

 " Among the Isles of Shoals " many scenes and 

 incidents are described which she has also made 

 the subjects of poems ; but it is as a poet that 

 she will be chiefly remembered. Charles G. 

 Whiting has said of her that " she was one of the 

 minor poets who have enriched the verse of 

 America, and especially of New England, with 

 exquisite portraiture of Nature. The influence of 

 Wordsworth touched all our singers of Nature, 

 even our great poet Bryant ; and to Mrs. Thaxter 

 the perception of the spiritual teaching of Na- 

 ture's incident and aspect was as inevitable as to 

 either of these 2 masters. Her fortune it was to 

 have an environment that filled to the full the 

 currents of her sensitive and ardent soul." The 

 list of Mrs. Thaxter's books includes "Poems" 

 (1872, with later enlarged editions); "Among 

 the Isles of Shoals " (1873) ; " Drift Weed " (1878) ; 

 " A Memorable Murder " (1884) ; " Poems for 

 Children " (1884) ; " The Cruise of the Mystery, 

 and Other Poems " (1886) ; " Idyls and Pastorals " 

 (1886); and "An Island Garden" (1894). Among 

 her best-known poems are " Landlocked," " The 

 Sandpiper," " The Cruise of the Mystery," " Kit- 

 tery Churchyard," " Schumann's Sonata in A 

 Minor," " The Watch of Boon Island," and " The 

 Spaniards' Graves." 



TURKEY, an empire in eastern Europe 

 and western Asia. The Sultan is an absolute 

 ruler under the prescriptions of the Koran, and 

 by most of the Sunnite Mohammedans he is 

 reverenced as the Khalif of Islam. The throne 

 is hereditary in the family of Osman. The 

 reigning Sultan is Abdul Hamid II, born Sept. 

 21. 1842, who succeeded his brother, Murad V", 

 deposed Aug. 31, 1876, on the ground of insanity. 

 The Sultan's Cabinet was composed in the begin- 

 ning of 1894 as follows: Grand Vizier, Djevad 

 Pasha; Sheikh-ul-Islam, Mehmed Djemmal 

 Eddin Effendi ; Minister of War, Riza Pasha ; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, Said Pasha; Minister 

 of the Interior, Halil Rifat Pasha; Minister of 

 Marine, Hassan Pasha; Minister of Finance, 

 Na/if Pasha; Minister of Public Instruction, 

 Zuhdi Pasha; Minister of Commerce and Public 

 Works, Tevfik Pasha; Intendant of Evkafs, 

 Galib Pasha; Master of Artillery, Zekki Pasha. 



Area and Population. The area of Turkey 

 in Europe is 61,200 square miles, with 5,600,000 

 inhabitants: of Turkey in Asia, 687.640 square 

 miles, with 15,430,000 inhabitants ; of the vilayet 

 of Tripoli, 297,700 square miles, with 800,000 in- 

 habitants; total area of the immediate posses- 

 sions. 1,046,540 square miles; total population, 

 21,830,000. The tributary states and protector- 

 ates are the principality of Bulgaria, the autono- 

 mous province of Eastern Roumelia, the tribu- 

 tary principality of Samos, the provinces of 

 Bosnia and Herzegovina and the sanjak of Novi- 

 Bazar, occupied and administered by Austria- 

 Hungary, and the protectorate of Egypt, having 



an aggregate area of 443,900 square miles and 

 11, 695,000 inhabitants. The population of Con- 

 stantinople, the capital, is 873,565. The popula- 

 tion of Turkey is composed of Turks, Greeks, 

 and Albanians in about equal numbers, with Bul- 

 garians, Serbs, Roumanians, Magyars, gypsies, 

 Armenians, Jews, and in Asia also Arabs, Kurds, 

 Circassians, and Syrians. 



Finances. The unified debt, under the ar- 

 rangements made with the creditors in 1881, 

 amounted at first to 92,225,827 sterling, and the 

 lottery bonds of the Roumelian railroads to 14,- 

 211.407, making a total of 106,437,234, instead 

 of 190,997,980. the total before conversion. In- 

 cluding loans contracted later, the debts outstand- 

 ing in September, 1893, amounted to 132,556,- 

 000. The indirect imposts, tobacco regie and tithe, 

 Roumelian tribute, the revenue from Cyprus, 

 and the duty on Persian tobacco are pledged for 

 the debt, and are administered by the Council 

 of Administration, consisting of 7 members, 

 representing Great Britain, France, Germany, 

 Austria, Italy, the Ottoman bondholders, and 

 the Galata bankers. The revenue from these 

 for the year 1893-'94 was 2,291,670 Turkish liras 

 (1 lira $4.50). 



Commerce. The value of the imports for the 

 financial year 1891-'92 was 2.455,394,000 piasters 

 (100 piasters = 1 lira), and of the exports 1,537,- 

 005,000 piasters. Some of the leading imports 

 were : Sheeting, etc., 227,400,000 piasters ; pique, 

 135,300,000 piasters ; sugar, 130,000,000 piasters ; 

 woolen and cotton goods, 128,000,000 piasters ; 

 cereals, 118,600,000 piasters; cotton yarn, 109,- 

 200,000 piasters. The principal exports were: 

 Cereals, 309,700,000 piasters ; raisins, 166,500,000 

 piasters; raw silk and cocoons, 153,600,000 

 piasters ; opium, 84,000.000 piasters ; mohair, 

 54,800,000 piasters ; nutgalls. 52,800,000 piasters ; 

 coffee, 52,300,000 piasters; wool, 46,900,000 

 piasters ; skins and leather, 45,900,000 piasters ; 

 figs, 43,400,000 piasters. The export and im- 

 port trade with the principal countries, was, in 

 piasters, as follows : 



Railroads and Telegraphs. The railroads 

 in operation in October, 1894, had a total len 

 of 1,934 miles, of which 899 miles were ii 

 Europe, 913 miles in Asia Minor, and 122 mile 

 in Syria. There were 832 miles under construe 

 tion, of which 316 miles were in Europe, 274 

 miles in Asia Minor, and 242 miles in Syria. 

 The line from Salonica to Dedeagatch, 286 miles, 

 is to be completed in January, 1896. 



The telegraph lines have a' total length of 20,- 

 000 miles, with 31,590 miles of wire, besides 370 

 miles of cable. 



