WATER SUPPLY. 



775 



Works Company. The source of supply is from 

 artesian wells, for which boring lias been done 

 since 1824, under great discouragements, quick- 

 sand sometimes filling the tubing, and on other 

 occasions the water being found to be strongly 

 impregnated with sodium and magnesium, and 

 useless for drinking purposes. The water is 

 pumped from the wells to a standpipe for do- 

 mestic supply, and passes to a reservoir, where it 

 is stored for fire protection. The wells used are 

 each 2,000 feet deep. The daily capacity of the 

 pumping machinery is about 6.000,000 gallons, 

 and that of the reservoir is 5.0UO.OOO gallons. 

 There are 27 miles of mains, of which 6 are of 

 steel ; the service pipes are of galvanized iron. 

 There are 20 meters and 400 hydrants. 



Chicago, 111. Water was first introduced in 

 1840. by the Chicago Hydraulic Company, a 

 private corporation, but in 1852-'54 works were 

 constructed by the city. In 1861 these works 

 were placed under the control of a Board of 

 Public Works. Prior to this time water was 

 drawn from Lake Michigan to a pump well. 

 The present water supply is drawn from the 

 lake by direct pumping, being taken through 

 tunnels, of which there are about 10 miles in 8 

 tunnels. These connect near the lake shore with 

 a crib, also inclosing a shaft, about 2 miles out in 

 the lake, and connected with 2 other shafts by 

 cross tunnels. The Washington Heights plant, 

 which came under the control of the city by an- 

 nexation in 1890, pumps its supply from artesian 

 wells to a reservoir. The pumping machinery 

 has a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons. There are 

 1,200 miles of mains, 4,000 meters, and 12,000 

 hydrants. 



"Cincinnati, Ohio. The original works were 

 built in 1820. The Cincinnati Water Company 

 organized in 1826; sold out, in 1889, to the city, 

 which has since extended the works. The source 

 of supply is Ohio river, the water being pumped 

 to reservoirs for low and middle service, and to 

 tank for high service. ' The daily capacity of the 

 pumping machinery is 96,000,000 gallons. There 

 are 2 lower and middle service reservoirs, one of 

 which has a capacity of 6,000,000 gallons ; the 

 other, the Eden Park middle-service reservoir, is 

 formed by a retaining wall or dam in a ravine 

 and divided into an upper basin of 57,000,000 

 gallons, and a lower basin of 43,000,000 gallons 

 capacity. The dam is 119 feet high, 48 feet wide 

 at its base, 25 feet at the bottom of the reservoir, 

 and 22 feet at the top. It is 251 feet long. There 

 are 288 miles of mains and 1,450 meters. 



Cleveland, Ohio. The source of supply is 

 Lake Erie, whence the water is pumped into 

 reservoirs. The system in use is the same as 

 that used in Chicago, cribs being sunk out in 

 the lake, connected with aqueducts at the shore 

 by tunnels. These tunnels were formerly about 

 a mile in length, but in 1891 plans were com- 

 pleted for an extension to 4 miles. The capaci- 

 ty of the tunnels is about 150,000,000 gallons ; 

 that of the pumping machinery 70,000,000 gal- 

 lons. There are 3 reservoirs, having a capacity 

 of 125,000,000 gallons. There are 325 miles of 

 mains, 1,800 meters, and 3,500 hydrants. 



Columbus, Ohio. Prior to' 1870 this city 

 was supplied by wells. The present supply is 

 ground water from filter galleries near the 

 Olentangy and Scioto rivers by direct pumping. 



The daily capacity of the pumping machinery is 

 18.000,000 gallons. There are 100 milesof mains, 

 480 meters, and 800 hydrants. 



Dayton, Ohio. Supply from 30 8-inch tut>e 

 wells by direct pumping. These wells are on 

 both sides of Mad river, and their average 

 depth is 40 feet. They are connected to a 20- 

 inch pipe crossing the river, and water is brought 

 across the river from the main connecting pipes 

 through another 20-inch pipe. The capacity of 

 the pumping machinery is 17,000,000 gallons. 

 There are 55 miles of mains, 125 meters, and ~rt~t 

 hydrants. 



* Denver, Col. Up to 1880, from 1872, when 

 the first works were constructed by the Denver 

 Water Company, water was pumped directly to 

 the mains from the South Platt river. Since 

 1880, and until 1886, the supply came from ver- 

 tical and horizontal wells along the bank of that 

 river by gravity, through a conduit to a reser- 

 voir, thence by direct pumping. There was a 

 dam of masonry 160 feet in length, continued 

 with brush, clay, and piling, and a canal about 

 2 miles long, in which a fall of 26 feet afforded 

 water power for pumping, which is still used. 

 This canal widens into a basin Archer lake 

 covering 40 acres. The wells extended along 

 the low banks of the Platte river horizontally 

 about 1,200 feet in length, and a conduit from 

 these connected them with a small reservoir at a 

 distance of 2 miles. This conduit crossed the 

 river. The daily capacity was about 16,000.000 

 gallons. Gravity works were built in 1886, 

 water being supplied from horizontal and verti- 

 cal wells in the bed of Cherry creek, 8 miles 

 from the center of the city, to a distributing 

 reservoir and standpipe, by a conduit 7 miles 

 long, with a daily capacity of 10,000,000 gallons. 

 The reservoir has a capacity of 7,000,000 gallons; 

 there are 225 miles of mains, 85 meters, and 2,000 

 hydrants. A second company began construc- 

 tion of works in 1888, and in 1890 began to 

 supply water temporarily from South Denver. 

 Permanent supply works, which were still under 

 construction in 1892, were to take water from 

 South Platte river by gravity. 



D.es Moines, Iowa. The supply is from 

 ground water on the Raccoon river by direct 

 pumping. The pumping machinery has a daily 

 capacity of 11.000,000 gallons, divided between 

 the Holly-Gaskill and Worthington pumps. 

 There are 60 miles of mains, 1,500 meters, and 

 650 hydrants. 



Detroit, Mich. The works here originated 

 in the purchase by the city, in 1836, of a private 

 plant, which has gradually been extended up to 

 its present condition. The supply is from De- 

 troit river, pumping to a standpipe. An intake 

 pipe extends from a point 1,100 feet from the 

 shore, where the outer end rests on the river 

 bottom in a crib, to the settling basin. 365 x 800 

 feet. Daily capacity of pumping machinery is 

 82,000,000 gallons. There are 360 miles of mains, 

 856 meters, and 1.828 hydrants. 



Fall River, Mass. The works were built in 

 1871-'74 by the city. The supply comes from 

 Watuppa lake, 128 'feet above tide water, with 

 an area of 5 square miles; storage capacity, 

 10,000,000,000 gallons. There is a daily dis- 

 charge of 35.000,000 gallons, which furnishes 

 water power for the manufactories in Fall River. 



