WATER SUPPLY. 



777 



standpipe and reservoir, with repumping to 

 standpipe for high service. The depth of the 

 lake <it the crib at ordinary low water is 14 feet. 

 The crib is hexagonal ; the length of the outer side 

 21 feet, and of the inner 8 feet. The gates in the 

 crib allow water to be drawn at any point from 4 

 to 12 feet below the service. The' openings are 

 protected by copper-wire screens. The intake 

 pipe extends 2,100 feet into the lake, 2| miles 

 from the mouth of the river. In 1890 contracts 

 were let for a new intake 3,000 feet long. There 

 is a pump well, and the pumping machinery has 

 a daily capacity of 54.000,000 gallons. A 6,000,- 

 000-gallon Allis pump is used for the high-service 

 pump station. The high-service standpipe is 15 

 feet in diameter and 160 feet high ; the other 

 standpipe is 4 feet in diameter and 130 feet high. 

 The reservoir has a capacity of 21,500,000 gal- 

 lons. There are 190 miles of mains, 5,800 meters, 

 and 1,530 hydrants. 



Minneapolis, Minn. Works were built in 

 1867 by the city, and improvements made in 

 1872, and again in 1888 and 1890, including new 

 and large pumping plants. The supply is from 

 the Mississippi river by direct pumping. There 

 are 7 pumps at the 2 old stations, driven by 

 water power, with 2 steam engines as auxiliary. 

 The new pumping station has 2 15,000,000-gallon 

 horizontal compound Worthington pumps, the 

 daily pumping capacity being 72,500,000 gallons. 

 A 36-inch cast-iron main, 12.000 feet long, is laid 

 from this pump house to the city. There are 

 166 miles of mains, 630 meters, and 2,000 hy- 

 drants. 



Nashville, Tenn. The first works were built 

 in 1832 by the town, when the population was 

 about 6,000. In 1888 a new pumping plant, 

 filterer, and reservoir were added. The supply 

 came from the Cumberland river, pumping to a 

 standpipe and reservoir. The pumping ma- 

 chinery capacity is 70,000.000 gallons daily. The 

 new station was built in 1888. and has a 10.000,- 

 000-gallon Holly-Gaskill pump. The buildings 

 at this station cost $100,000, and the pump the 

 same. There are 6 tubular boilers 18 x 5 feet. 

 The filter gallery is 2,000 feet long, 4 feet wide, 

 7 to 10 feet deep, and has an estimated daily 

 capacity of 10,000,000 gallons. There are 2 

 reservoirs, one having a capacity of 2,500,000, gal- 

 lons, while the new one has a capacity of 50,- 

 000,000 gallons, and is built of masonry at a cost 

 of $330,000. The standpipe is 3 feet in diam- 

 eter and 114 feet high. There are 50 miles of 

 mains, 15 meters, and 570 hydrants. 



Newark, N. J. Works were built here about 

 1800 by the Newark Aqueduct Company, and 

 were purchased in 1860 by the city for $150,000. 

 New works were built in 1867. The first supply 

 of water was from springs in the red sandstone 

 on the hillside about 80 feet above the village. 

 Additional springs were taken from time to time 

 and wells sunk, and the yield not being more 

 than 700,000 gallons the supply was augmented 

 by water from a brook near the reservoir and by 

 occasional draughts from the Morris Canal. Aft- 

 erward the supply was taken from Passaic river, 

 at Belleville, pumping to a reservoir. Above 

 Newark the river has a drainage area of 981 

 square miles favorable to the collection of pure 

 water; but a few miles above the city the river 

 receives the sewage from Paterson and Passaic, 



and the tide carries the sewage of Newark unthc 

 river, sometimes further polluting l !K- supply. It 

 is said that the first attempt to use natural' filter 

 basins for purifying the water supply of an Amer- 

 ican city was made here. The pumping machin- 

 ery has a combined daily capacity of 2<>,000,000 

 gallons, to which is to be added a'ncw 5,000.000- 

 gallon pump, purchased in 1888. Under cont rart 

 with the East Jersey Water Company a gravity 

 supply of 25,000,000 gallons was introduced in 

 1892, an additional 25.000,000 gallons to be added 

 after eleven years. The supply is from the head 

 waters of Pequannock river, impounded in two 

 storage reservoirs, whence it passes by natural 

 channels to a 30,000,000-gallon intake reservoir, 

 and thence to the city by a 48-inch riveted-steel 

 conduit 21 miles long. There are 4 reservoirs, 

 whose combined capacity is 46,000,000 gallons. 

 There are 176 miles of mains, 521 meters, and 

 1,460 hydrants. 



New Haven, Conn. Works were built in 

 1860-'62 by the New Haven Water Company. 

 The supply comes from Mill river and Malt by 

 and Wintergreen lakes by gravity and pumping 

 to reservoir. The gravity works were purchased 

 from the Fair Haven Water Company in 1876, 

 the former village of Pair Haven being now a 

 part of the city. Mill river has a drainage area 

 of 56 square miles, and is crossed at a narrow 

 gorge 2 miles from the city by a dam of solid 

 masonry 500 feet long, 38 J feet high, from 3 to 

 6 feet wide on top and 27| feet wide at the bot- 

 tom, which forms a reservoir 25 miles long with 

 an average depth of 20 feet. The pumping ma- 

 chinery has a combined capacity of 15,000.000 

 gallons. The 2 old reservoirs had a combined 

 capacity of 17,000,000 gallons. In 1891 a 160.- 

 000,000-gallon reservoir was built in the town of 

 Woodbridge for a new gravity supply. There 

 are 134 miles of mains, and 60 meters. 



New Orleans, La. The works, built in 1833 

 by a company, are now owned by the New Or- 

 leans Water Works Company, the city having 

 purchased them in 1868 for $1.000,000, 'and sold 

 them to present owners in 1878 with authority 

 to issue $600,000 bonds for improvements. The 

 supply comes from Mississippi river, pumping to 

 reservoirs, standpipe, and direct, one of the res- 

 ervoirs serving as a settling basin. As late as 

 1881 a large proportion of the population took 

 their domestic supply from cisterns filled with 

 rain water. The daily capacity of the pumping 

 machinery is 34,000.000 gallons ; that of the res- 

 ervoirs, 4,000,000 gallons. The standpipe is 7 

 feet in diameter and 174 feet high. There are 

 76 miles of mains, 20 meters, and 1,208 hydrants. 



New York City. The water supply comes 

 from Croton and Bronx rivers by gravity, from 

 storage and impounding to receiving and distrib- 

 uting reservoirs. For the high-service supply 

 6,000,000 gallons are pumped daily to reservoir 

 and 8,000,000 daily to standpipe. The Croton 

 river has a drainage area of about 340 square 

 miles above the Croton dam, from which the 

 aqueduct starts. The Bronx river has a drain- 

 age area of 13 square miles above the reservoir at 

 Kensico. There are 2 storage reservoirs for this 

 supply. The dam at Croton river forms Croton 

 lake, of 400 acres area and 5,000,000,000 gallons 

 capacity. Boyd's Corner dam and reservoir have 

 a capacity of 2,727,000,000 gallons. The Middle 



