778 



WATER SUPPLY. 



Branch dam and reservoir have a capacity of 

 4.000,000,000 gallons. Other storage basins com- 

 pleted and under construction will make the to- 

 tal storage capacity of the Croton drainage area 

 about 40,000,000,000 gallons in the year 1895. 

 The Bronx system of storage reservoirs has a ca- 

 pacity of 2.800,000.000 gallons. In 1890 it was 

 decided to build a high masonry dam at Cornell's, 

 on the lower part of Croton river, and the work 

 is now in progress. Water is brought from the 

 present dam at Croton lake to receiving reser- 

 voirs in Central Park by 2 aqueducts. The old 

 Croton aqueduct is 38 miles long, with a total 

 fall of 48 feet, and crosses the Harlem river on 

 1 1 igh Bridge, an arched structure of granite ma- 

 sonry with a distance between the gate houses of 

 1,393 feet and an elevation in the clear of 100 

 feet. The new Croton aqueduct, begun in 1884, 

 and first used in 1890, is in a tunnel for 30 miles 

 and in open trench for 1 mile, which, with 2| 

 miles of pipe to Central Park, gives a total length 

 of 33| miles. The grade and cross-section vary 

 greatly. The aqueduct passes under Harlem 

 river through an inverted siphon. The daily 

 capacity of this aqueduct is 250,000,000 gallons. 

 The receiving reservoir in Central Park has a ca- 

 pacity of 150,000,000 gallons. The new distribut- 

 ing reservoir, also in Central Park, has a capacity 

 of 1.200,000,000 gallons. 



William's Bridge reservoir receives the Bronx 

 river supply and distributes it to the extreme up- 

 per part of 'the city, capacity 140,000,000 gallons. 

 The Murray Hill distributing reservoir has a ca- 

 pacity of 24,000,000 gallons. The high -service 

 supply reservoir at High Bridge has a capacity 

 of 10,794,000 gallons. The islands in the East 

 river, on which are penal and charitable insti- 

 tutions, are supplied through submerged pipes. 

 There are 668 miles of mains, 22,000 meters, and 

 8,500 hydrants. 



Omaha, Neb. The works were built in 1880- 

 '81 by a private company, and are now owned 

 by the American Water Works Company. The 

 supply is from Missouri river, pumping to set- 

 tling basins and repumping to reservoir. Pump- 

 ing machinery has a capacity of about 78,500,000 

 gallons. The settling basins have a capacity 

 of 48,000,000 gallons; reservoir, 11,000.000 gal- 

 lons. There are 160 miles of mains, 1,200 me- 

 ters, and 1,250 hydrants. 



Paterson, N. J. The works were built in 

 1856 by the Passaic Water Company. The sup- 

 ply comes from Passaic, river, pumping to reser- 

 voirs. A small stone dam built just above the 

 falls forms a storage reservoir. The pumping 

 machinery has a daily capacity of 18,000.000 gal- 

 lons; reservoirs, 50,000,000 gallons. There are 

 70 miles of mains, 2 meters, and 834 hydrants. 



Philadelphia, Pa. The construction of wa- 

 ter works was begun by the city about 1800, and 

 water was first supplied in the following year, 

 the works being known as the Center Square*. In 

 1815 works were erected at Fainnount, water 

 being pumped from the Schuylkill river by 

 steam power in both cases. In 1826 the city 

 contracted to supply Spring Garden, Southwark, 

 and Northern Liberties; in 1832, to supply 

 Moyamensing and Kensington. In 1851 a pri- 

 vate company built works to supply German- 

 town, and in 1855 West Philadelphia, was sup- 

 plied by works begun in 1853. In 1854 all of 



these works came by consolidation under the 

 control of the city. The supply comes from the 

 Schuylkill and Delaware rivers and springs, 

 pumping to reservoir and direct pumping. The 

 combined daily capacity of the pumping ma- 

 chinery of the present works is 183,300,000 gal- 

 lons. This machinery is located at Spring Gar- 

 den, Belmont, Roxborotigh. Mount Airy, Chest- 

 nut Hill, Frankford, Kensington, and Fairmount. 

 The combined capacity of the reservoirs is about 

 890,000,000 gallons. That at Fairmount is 26,- 

 350,794 ; Spring Garden, 12,000,000 ; Corinthian 

 Avenue, 37,000,000; Lehigh Avenue, 26,000,000 ; 

 Kensington, 26,000,000: Roxborough, 13.000,- 

 000; Mount Airy, 4,000,000; Belmont, 38,000,- 

 000; Wentz Farm, 19,000,000; East Park, 692,- 

 000,000 (in 3 basins). There are 960 miles of 

 mains, 520 meter?, and 7,750 hydrants. 



Pittslwrg 1 , Pa. Works were built in 1826 by 

 the city, and new ones in 1842-'44 and in 1872- 

 '78. The water supply is from the Allegheny 

 river, pumping to reservoirs. The pumping 

 machinery has a combined daily capacity of 50.- 

 000,000 gallons; reservoirs, 120,000,000.' There 

 are 175 miles of mains, 27 meters, and 1,200 hy- 

 drants. Daily consumption, 30.000,000 gallons. 



Providence, R. I. The first public water 

 supply was introduced in 1772 by a company 

 who distributed spring water through three quar- 

 ters of a mile of wooden logs. The same year the 

 Rawson's Fountain Society collected* spring 

 water in a reservoir 13| x 30 feet and 10 feet 

 deep, from which water was conveyed through 

 6,600 feet of 4-inch wooden logs. The present 

 works were built in 1870-'76 by the city, and 

 supply also parts of Cranston, Johnston, and 

 Olneyville. The supply is from the Pawtuxet 

 river" by direct pumping and pumping to reser- 

 voir. The river has a drainage area of 192 

 square miles, and empties into the Providence 

 river 5 miles below the city. The pumping sta- 

 tion is 4 miles from the river's mouth, at which 

 point the water is taken from a basin excavated 

 in the porous and saturated sand near the river 

 bank. The combined daily capacity of the 

 pumping machinery is 33,000,000 gallons : reser- 

 voirs, 150,000,000 gallons. There are 226 miles 

 of mains, 9,800 meters, and 1,360 hydrants. 



Heading 1 , Pa. Works were built here in 

 1819-'21 by the Reading Water Company, and 

 purchased in 1865 by the city for $300,000*. The 

 supply is from Hamden, Mineral, and Edelman 

 springs and Bernhart and Antietam creeks by 

 gravity. The creeks flow through a sandstone 

 formation, and there is an impounding reservoir 

 on each, and 3 distributing reservoirs. The 

 drainage area is 8 square miles; capacity of the 

 reservoirs, 175,000,000 gallons. There are 90 

 miles of mains, 6 meters, and 500 hydrants. 



Richmond, Va, Works were built in 1830 

 by the city. In 1882 a new pumping station was 

 added, which largely increased the supply. The 

 water comes from the James river, pumping to 

 low- and high-service reservoirs. The purnpinj 

 machinery has a daily capacity of 24,000,0 

 gallons. 'Nearly all the pumping is done by \vi 

 ter power. The combined capacity of the resei 

 voirs is 50,000,000 gallons. There are 73 mile 

 of mains, 143 meters, and 500 hydrants. 



Rochester, N. Y. Works were built in 1872- 

 '76 by the city. The supply is from Hemlock 



