WATER SUPPLY. 



779 



and Canadico lakes and Genesee river, by grav- 

 ity, to storage and distributing reservoirs, and 

 from Genesee river by direct pumping for an 

 independent supply in the business part of the 

 town for fire protection and hydraulic motors. 

 Water is taken from Hemlock lake, 23 miles 

 south of the city, which is 6| miles long by 

 mile wide, and has an area of about 2 miles and 

 a drainage area of 42 square miles. The water 

 of this lake is very soft. Canadice lake is 3 miles 

 long by \ mile wide. The Rush storage reser- 

 voir holds 75,000,000 gallons, and the Mount 

 Hope distributing reservoir 24,000,000 gallons. 

 The pumping machinery (Holly system) has a 

 capacity of 7.000,000 gallons. There are 225 

 miles of mains, 2,800 meters, and 2,100 hy- 

 drants. 



St. Joseph, Mo. Works were built in 1880 

 by the St. Joseph Water Company, and are now 

 controlled by the American Water Works and 

 Guarantee Company of Pittsburg, Pa., under a 

 twenty years' franchise. The supply is from the 

 Missouri river, pumping to a reservoir from a 

 point 3 miles from the city by land and 10 miles 

 by water, owing to a bend in the river. The 

 pumping machinery has a daily capacity of 

 8,000,000 gallons; reservoir, 22,000,000 gallons. 

 There are 40 miles of mains, 250 meters, and 2(55 

 hydrants. 



St. Louis, Mo. The works are owned by the 

 city. The first works were built in 1830! and 

 new ones in 1865 and up to 1883. In 1888 an 

 extension of the low service was begun, estimated 

 to cost from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000. The 

 supply is from the Mississippi river, pumping 

 to settling basins, thence repumped through 

 standpipes and distributing system to reservoir. 

 The pumping machinery includes low service, 

 temporary low service, and high service, with a 

 combined capacity of about 175,000,000 gallons. 

 The settling basin has a capacity of about 100,- 

 000,000 gallons; reservoir, 60,000,030 gallons. 

 There are 354 miles of -mains, 3,115 meters, and 

 3,515 hydrants. 



St. Paul, Minn. Works were built in 1870 

 by a private company, and bought by the city 

 since 1882 for $510,000. Important extensions 

 were made in 1888. The supply is from a chain 

 of lakes by gravity and by direct pumping for 

 high service. The pumping machinery has a 

 daily capacity of 12,000.000 gallons, and the res- 

 ervoir holds 16,000.000 gallons. There are 193 

 miles of mains. 440 meters, and 1.748 hydrants. 



San Francisco, Cal. The works were built 

 in 1856-'59. They are now owned by the Spring 

 Valley Water Works Company, which consoli- 

 dated' its works with those of the San Fran- 

 cisco Water Works Company, with a capital of 

 $6,000,000, which has been increased to $16,000,- 

 000. The supply is from mountain streams by 

 gravity, from impounding and storage to dis- 

 tributing reservoirs, and from Lobus creek and 

 Lake Merced by pumping to reservoirs. There 

 are 4 storage and 8 distributing reservoirs, and 

 4 conduits leading to the city. The storage res- 

 ervoirs of the entire system have a combined 

 capacity of about 67,000,000,000 gallons and a 

 combined drainage area of 228 square miles. 

 The distributing reservoirs have a combined 

 capacity of (U.000.000 gallons; the pumping 

 machinery, 20,000,000 gallons. There are 340 



miles of mains, 12,500 meters, and 1,670 hy- 

 drants. 



Scranton, Pa. Here the water supply owes 

 its origin to 2 companies. The Providence Gas 

 and Water Company built, in 1867-'08, works 

 the water supply for which comes from storage 

 reservoirs on streams by gravity. Tlu- reservoirs 

 have a capacity of 450,500,000 gallons. Tin- 

 Scranton Gas and Water Company built works 

 in 1857, arid enlarged them in 1871 ; tie supply 

 is surface water by gravity from an impounding 

 reservoir, with a small reservoir and standpipe. 

 There is an old storage reservoir with a capacity 

 of 80,000,000 gallons, and 2 new and la run- 

 ones have recently been built. There is a dis- 

 tributing reservoir, with a capacity of 1,000,000 

 gallons. By the 2 companies there are about 65 

 miles of mains, no meters, and 200 hydrants. 



Syracuse, N. Y. Water was first supplied to 

 this city in 1829 from springs by gravity. In 

 1849 the Syracuse Water Company was organ- 

 ized, and it owns the present works. The sup- 

 ply is from springs and surface water by gravity 

 and by pumping to reservoirs. The combined 

 daily capacity of the pumping machinery is 16,- 

 000,000 gallons; reservoir capacity, 80,000,000 

 gallons. There are 46 miles of mains, 430 

 meters, and 403 hydrants. 



Toledo, Ohio. Works were built in 1873-74 

 by the city. The supply is from the Maumee 

 river, filtered, pumping to standpipe. The qual- 

 ity of this water gives dissatisfaction. There is 

 an intake crib, formed of ground piles driven 

 close together, filled in outside by broken stone 

 and inside by gravel. From the crib to a filter 

 basin having an area of 19,000 square feet there 

 is an intake conduit 500 feet long, built in an 

 open trench on the land, and by means of a cof- 

 ferdam in the water. The daily capacity of 

 the pumping machinery is 15,000,000 gallons. 

 The standpipe, made of No. 1 iron charcoal half 

 inch thick, is 5 feet in diameter, 224 feet high, 260 

 feet above the river, 240 feet above the pumps, 

 and is inclosed in an ornamental masonry tower. 

 There are 80 miles of mains, 440 meters, and 500 

 hydrants. 



Trenton, N. ,T. The works were built for 

 domestic use by a company in 1803, the sup- 

 ply being from springs till 1852, when the com- 

 pany was authorized to pump from the Delaware 

 river and build reservoirs. In 1855 the works 

 were purchased and rebuilt for general supply 

 by the city. There is now a filter basin 60 x 100 

 feet at the river, and reservoirs with capacity of 

 20,000,000 gallons, besides a high-service tank 

 built in 1890. The pumping machinery has a 

 capacity of 10,000,000 gallons. There are 70 

 miles of mains, 50 meters, and 350 hydrants. 



Troy, N. . Works were built in 1833, and 

 rebuilt in 1880 by the city. The supply comes 

 from Piscawen creek by gravity, from 5 arti- 

 ficial storage reservoirs, and from the Hudson 

 river at Lansingburg, about 3 miles from Troy, 

 pumping to Oakdale reservoir, above the creek. 

 There is a storage reservoir on the creek cover- 

 ing 34 acres, with a capacity of 250,000,000 gal- 

 lons, and another of 180,000,000 gallons, and a 

 1,000,000-gallon reservoir has been built for use 

 in case of an emergency. The pumping ma- 

 chinery has a daily capacity of 7,000,000 gal- 

 lons, and the high-service reservoir 2,500,000 



