788 



WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 



WOOLSON, CONSTANCE FENIMORE. 



vote, the convention, by 97 to 59, refused to in- 

 corporate woman suffrage in the new Constitu- 

 tion. 

 Present Status of the Suffrage Movement. 



In the United States. 24 States and Territories 

 now accord some degree of suffrage, varying 

 from Wyoming, where the political condition of 

 women precisely accords with that of men, to 

 Texas, where they have a petition vote for school 

 officers, and Arkansas and Mississippi, where 

 they have a petition vote on liquor license. In 

 Vermont, woman taxpayers have the school suf- 

 frage ; in Kentucky, widows have it. Dakota 

 gives school suffrage in 15 counties. Colorado 

 permits women to vote for district school offi- 

 cers. In New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Penn- 

 sylvania, Louisiana, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Min- 

 nesota, women have school suffrage. In New 

 York, besides school suffrage, women have in 

 certain towns a vote on municipal questions. 

 Michigan women vote for parish officers of the 

 Episcopal Church. Wisconsin, Arizona, Mon- 

 tana, Nebraska, and Oregon have school suf- 

 frage. New Jersey permits women to sit on 

 school boards and to vote for school officers. 



In all the organized provinces of Canada, ex- 

 cept Prince Edward's Island, women vote for all 

 but members of Parliament. In England, Scot- 

 land, and Wales, widows and spinsters vote for 

 all elective officers but members of Parliament ; 

 in Ireland they vote for poor-^aw guardians 

 and in some cases for other officers ; in Sweden 

 they have about the same rights of suffrage as 

 in England ; in Austria-Hungary they vote by 

 proxy for all elective officers ; in Croatia and 

 Dalmatm they vote personally at local elections ; 

 in Russia, women who are heads of households 

 vote on local questions and for all elective offi- 

 cers : in Finland they vote for all elective offi- 

 cers ; in Italy, widows vote for members of 

 Parliament. In British Burmah, woman tax- 

 payers vote in the rural districts ; in the Madras 

 and Bombay presidencies they have municipal 

 suffrage ; in Russian Asia, women, heads of 

 households, vote in all Russian colonies. In 

 Australia, in all the colonies but one (West Aus- 

 tralia), women have municipal suffrage ; in Tas- 

 mania and New Zealand they have full suffrage. 

 In Iceland, the Isle of Man, and Pitcairn island 

 women have full suffrage. In Cape Colony, 

 Africa, women have municipal suffrage. 



Bibliography. The bibliography of woman 

 suffrage, aside from a vast number of speeches, 

 essays, and fugitive papers, is very small. " The 

 History of Woman Suffrage," in 3 large oc- 

 tavo volumes, edited by Elizabeth Cady Stan- 

 ton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn 

 Gage (1881-'87), contains a mass of valuable but 

 ill-arranged information. " Massachusetts in the 

 Woman Suffrage Movement," by Mrs. Harriet 

 II. Robinson (1881), is authority on the subject of 

 which it treats. " Woman and her Era," by 

 Eliza W. Farnham (1862). and " Woman in Amer- 

 ica," by Maria J. Mclntosh (1856), are general 

 contributions to the subject. A number of valu- 

 able pamphlets have been published by Hamilton 

 Willcox, for years the chairman of the executive 

 committee of the New York Woman Suffrage 

 party, who has made a specialty of the collection 

 of facts bearing on suffrage. These pamphlets, 

 especially " Fifty Reasons against Woman's Dis- 



franchisement," "Woman's Common-Law Right 

 to Vote " (1885), and " Freedom's Conquests " 

 (1889), contain information otherwise almost in- 

 accessible. The pamphlet " Who were Voters in 

 the Early History of this Country " (1888), by ex- 

 Judge Charles B. Waite, contains some little- 

 known facts of early American history. 



In England. Mary Wollstonecraft's " Vindica- 

 tion of the Rights of Women " (1790), Alexan- 

 der's "History of W T omen." John Stuart Mill 

 " On the Subjection of Women " (1869), and in 

 Lecky's" History of European Morals" (1858), 

 a chapter on "The Position of Women," are 

 among the causes that led to, or the works 

 which sustained, the movement. 



Periodical Literature. Many journals have 

 at various times been started in the interest of 

 woman's suffrage. The first was " The Una," of 

 Providence, R. I., followed by the " Pioneer and 

 Woman's Advocate," of Providence, the "Revolu- 

 tion," of New York, the" Woman's Advocate," of 

 Philadelphia, the " Pioneer," of San Francisco, 

 the " Woman's Advocate," of Dayton, Ohio, 

 "L'Amerique," of Chicago, and "Die Neue Zeit," 

 of New York. " The Woman's Journal," of Boston, 

 weekly, is one of the ablest of woman suffrage 

 journals. " The New Northwest," of Portland, 

 Ore., the " Golden Dawn," San Francisco, " Wom- 

 an's Words," Philadelphia, were started be- 

 tween 1870 and 1877. The " Woman's Tribune," 

 Beatrice, Neb., an 8-page weekly, is the organ 

 of the National Woman Suffrage Association. 

 " Woman's Exponent," Salt Lake City, semi- 

 monthly. The " Woman's Chronicle," Little 

 Rock. Ark. weekly ; the " Woman's News," In- 

 dianapolis, semimonthly ; the " Queen Bee," 

 Denver, Col., weekly; "Justitia," Chicago, 

 monthly ; the " Question," Chicago, weekly ; the 

 " Woman's Standard," Des Moines, weekly, 

 organ of the Iowa Woman Suffrage Associa- 

 tion ; the " Fortschritt," New York, weekly, date 

 from a later period. In England there are the 

 " English Woman's Review," a monthly of stand- 

 ing arid authority; the "Woman's Gazette"; 

 " Woman's Suffrage Journal," weekly ; and the 

 " Victoria Magazine," monthly. The " Woman's 

 Penny Paper," daily, just started in London, 

 promises well. France has " Le Droit des 

 Femmes " and " La Citoyenne " ; Geneva, 

 " L'Esperance " ; Rome, " La Rassegna degli 

 Interessi Feminili"; and Venice, " La Donna." 

 Germany, Spain, Denmark, and the Netherlands 

 have worn an -suffrage journals; Lima, Peru, has 

 "El Alborada"; Bucharest, the "Dekebalos"; 

 Constantinople, the " Enridike " ; and Bengal, 

 the " Bengalee Magazine." 



WOOLSON, CONSTANCE FENIMORE, 

 an American novelist, born in Claremont, N. H. 

 March 5, 1838; died in Venice, Italy, Jan. 24, 

 1894. Her birthplace is a factory village on 

 Sugar river, which runs a brief course from 

 Sunapee lake to the Connecticut, Her paternal 

 grandfather established an iron foundry here, 

 and her father, Charles Jarvis Woolson, after 

 several journalistic experiences, including the 

 ownership and editorship of " The New Eng- 

 land Palladium " in Boston, succeeded to the 

 foundry business of the elder Woolson. Charles 

 Jarvis "Woolson married Miss Hannah Cooper 

 Pomeroy, of Cooperstown, a niece of James 

 Fenimore Cooper, and in this way Miss Woolson 



