11- 



CARRIAGES, HORSELK8& 



Inoomali, 



th* rainy 



troop formed a hollow w|tian> and 

 - HATH with I he aid of Mnximffuns, 

 The troops burned kraal* and oc- 



Iand other positions on tin- 

 no farther advance until 

 A large proportion 



ta rainy iiiinn was over. A large jn. r ,r 

 of the soldiers who war* atnt out from Portugal 

 in the Preceding Ootooar had died of fever: 

 n. vrthess UOO omoers tad man *olunUared 





for UM wrrk^ad miled for Ixmrenco Marques 

 in MAR* and April The 

 casaati nrrr *rrr brought to a suouaarfnl iasue. 

 Th whole Ml bank .^ in the hand* of the 



<Lhe middle of May up to Maca- 

 ffrfff Mahasol made a last, in- 

 Mmtaiywito were established 

 at Maraquetn and I n can h me and an armed po- 

 lk* was organiied. Mahazula retired with his 

 wn into Gungunhana's count ry. 

 The drhmiUtion of tin* frontier batWtoO the 

 e territory and t he Transvaal was rom- 

 UM baginning of the year by a joint 

 vhich Senhor BUM! was the 

 rneml* r. The dispute with the 

 South Africa Company in regard to the 

 boundary of Manicaland hat been referred to 

 the arbitration of Italy. 



Africa. Th- Qannao 

 Damaraland and Namaland, 

 nuarc miles in extent, ha 

 more than 300.000 in habitant-*. There wen 

 rwident whites in 1804. T.>, protectorate is ad- 

 ministered by an Imperial Commissioner. The 

 apply of water is deficient, except in Damara- 

 land. where there are good grazing ground-.. 

 The cost of the administration for 1804 

 an down in the budget at 1,027,000 marks, of 

 which the 37.000 marks are raised l.*-n: 

 Uw rest contributed by the imperial treasury. 

 The German commander. Major von Francois, 

 hadafonof S34 whit* soldiers in 1894. Un- 

 Boeewful attempts hare been made to land 

 food* at the mout h . >f t )>< Swakop river. Valu- 

 able guano deposit* were discovered in 1885 at 

 Ca Crosa. DeWWalfkh Bay. 



TARRIAGEH. HORSELBSS. The pre at 



horsdaas earriage race from Paris to Bordeaux 

 and return made in the spring of 1895. in which 

 4 people were conveyed in what the French call 

 .-.,.. . ;-,.. : . . 

 Urn* that made the avenge for the distance 16 

 mile* an hour, at once turned the attention of 

 all interested in the improved methods of loco- 

 motion, of which the bicycle has been afore- 

 runner, to this method of getting over the ground 

 without the une of man's universal fri.-nd. the 

 borse. It appears that the application of steam 

 has only temporarily settled the question of 

 transportation. Horseless carriages have been 



need sueoessfnUy in Paris for "several yean. 

 Among the reasons that might make horseless 

 carriages popular in the United States am the ex- 

 ce*si ve oo* of keeping horse*, the cost of labor, 

 * ad t ^" a " di <l" experienced in keeping 

 a ooachman that one encounters in his experi- 

 ence with domestic help. The principal reason 

 against the adoption of the horselesTcarriaffe 

 hew so rwdily as in Europe is th* condition of the 

 roads. In England and France the roads are ex- 

 cellent ; here they are the chief source of regret 

 for bicyclist*, pedestrians, drivers, and evSry- 



body else that is compelled to use them. Ilion. 

 too, the uneven formation of the >untry is 

 against the use of a \. In. 1. propelled by a mo- 

 tor, as unleas a motor of tremendous power is 

 provided there is always difficulty in climbing 

 hills, 



A horseless carriage resembles an ordinary 

 carriage without shafts, except that it is some- 

 what more solidly built, and on closer exaininu- 

 ii'. 11 it can be seen that it is furni>lu><l with what 

 looks like the compartment under a dogcart, 

 for the power, and has a handle in front of the 

 driver's seat, bv which it is steered. The horse- 

 leas carriages first mud* themselves popular in 

 Paris, that city of smooth and almost level pave- 

 ments. At first their owners did not dare to 

 trust themselves far ; but soon with expen< n 

 came confidence, and the iourneys were extend- 

 ed to Versailles and St. Cloud instead of 1" in^ 

 limited to little trips about the Louvre and along 



DOrBUC- CYLINDER MOTOR FOR HOR8KUCK8 CARRIAGE. 



the Champs filysees. It was found, too, that in 

 point of speed and in ease in making journeys 

 they were far ahead of those drawn by hones. 

 of the most important questions in con- 

 ii with the practical employment of the 

 horseless carriage related to the power that 

 should move it. The race from Paris to Bour- 

 deaux settled this, for all four of the prizes were 

 won by voiturea equipped with the motor that 

 utilizes petroleum as a fuel. Steam, electricity, 

 and naphtha were easily outstripped as a motive 

 power by petroleum ; for what was wanted was 

 not a great power, but a handy and convenient 

 one. Steam could easily furnish all the power 

 wanted to propel a horseless carriage, or any- 

 thing elj, up even a Vermont hill ; but the em- 

 ployment of steam is always somewhat clumsy, 

 and there is oil and a boiler, a hot fire, escapes 

 of vapor, an engineer, and various other incon- 

 which it was desirable to avoid. A 



