CHINA. 



under Marshal Ovama to take Port Arthur and 

 felvanrv utihr Liao-Tung pciiinulaaiul onward. 

 when il joined the other army, to I Vk in. Though 

 the movement toward Mukden wan of the nature 

 of * Mat* intended merely L. I...M ih,- < 

 in check and prevent their co-operating wit h 1 1..- 

 toross in the'south. the Thine* massed 95,000 

 troon in front of Mukden to defend the passes 

 lamdlng to the sacred city and sent down Gen. I 

 with the army that guarded the Amur frontier 

 to break through the Japanese line of ootmnu- 

 iona, tn theexpecUtion that these would ox- 

 frocn the Yalu river to Mukden. Mai.- 

 T*uumi. who commanded the van of t M 

 Tight wing, broke and dUpemed I* forces an. lin- 

 SSwbed himlf at Tsio-Ho-Ken. The left 

 wing of Gen. Xodiu's army, commanded by 



I ;-..,: K , .- . ,;-.,: :' Mu V, ... driv- 



ing UM Chinese troop* of Gen. Seh and Gen. 

 Tang out of that place, a* they lia<l previously 

 out of Anton* and Taku-Shan. In December, 

 the march wae continued in the direction of 

 heng. whither Jhe < 'liinrM- had retreated. 

 That place was occupied on Dec, 18, 1894, by 

 Maj.-Gen. Oeeko's column after he had defeated 

 the Chfm*** at Simu-Teheng. Extending his 

 line tout h wan! to Kao- Khan, he established com- 

 munications with the advanced guard of Mar- 

 thai Oyama's army, which occupied Foochow on 

 Dee. ft, and captured Kaiphing on Jan. 10, 1895. 

 The united Japanese armies were in face of a 

 force of about 60.000 Chinese, consisting partly 

 of the troops that had been fighting Gen. Nod- 

 TO'S army and retreating all the way from the 

 Yalu river, nartly of Gen. Sung's army that had 

 fallen !< k before Marshal Ovama, partly of the 

 garrison of Xiuchuang. and partly of a Mongo- 

 lian detachment that had recently arrived. These 

 forces were posted to guard Kraohoang and its 

 port and the roads hading into China proper. 



The Japanese troops that occupied Foochow 

 under the command of Gen. Nbgi, were trans- 

 ported by tea from Fort Arthur. Kaiphing was 

 token after a severe fight with < i.-n. Seh's garri- 

 son of 6.000 men, who were attacked on both 

 The Japanese losses were 46 killed and 



268 wounded. About 2.000 Chinese were killed 

 or wounded. A force of 10,000 troops was com- 

 ing op to re-enforce Gen. Seh when the retreat 

 began, and meeting the retreating soldiers it 

 faced about and retired. The frost and snow 

 of the invaders slow and 

 Re enforoementi were sent to Gen, 

 Song, who reported that his force was at the 

 mercy of the Japanese. The Japanese made no 

 further advance, and the Fekin authorities were 

 led to believe that they were weakened by dis- 

 ease and exposure, and that with new troops and 

 a new commander the fortunes of war would 

 nssmgi. Therefore an embassy that was about 

 jodepftft for Japan to sue for peace was de- 



When Prince Kung was called to power, after 

 of Li-IIung-Chang from all his 



except the Viceroyalty of Fechili, he 

 d to introduce reforms, and asked the 

 advice of the Vicerov. Every scheme that was 

 suggested was vetoed by the ignorant and in- 

 competent Grand Council. But after Prince 

 Knng was made the head of this bodv. while 

 retaining the presidency of the Tsung-Li -Ya- 



men, the Viceroy Li was restored in part to his 

 former position of dignity and influence. The 

 Km press Dowager gave support to the efforts of 

 Kung. her former ninny, to extricate 

 China from its difficulties with tin help of her 

 old ally. G llannocken was intrusted 



with the reorganization of the army. 



In the 14 land battles and 2 naval engage- 

 fought up to the end of 1894 the Japa- 

 nese lost 480 killed and 1.71'J wounded, whi- 

 ttle Chinese lost 6,676 killed and 0,606 wounded. 

 The war material taken by the Japan* 

 eluded 670 Krupp guns with 2,601,741 rounds 

 of ammunition, and 7,64T> rifles, with 77,458,785 

 rounds, 8,826 tents, and 477 stands of colors. 

 Over 90,000 bushels of rice and grain also fell 

 into their hands, and about $1,000,000 in gold 

 and silver. The total plunder was valued at 

 .'.(XX), and th- buildings, armament, and 

 plant at Port Arthur were estimated at $70,000,- 

 000. The naval prizes were 2 gunboats and a 

 steel cruiser, besides steam launches, jnnl 

 sailing vessels. One ironclad and 8 steel cruis- 

 ers had been sunk. The territory occupied was 

 double the area of Japan. 



Liu-Kun-Yih, Viceroy of Liang-Kianj:. was 

 appointed by an imperial edict command. -r-in- 

 cmef of all the Chinese forces. Gens. II nan. 

 Chao, Weiju, and Chang, who had lost battles, 

 went into hiding to escape being handed over to 

 the Board of Punishments. Gen. Weiju was 

 afterward captured by Li-Hung-Chang, and was 

 beheaded for cowardice and extortion. 



< MI Jan. 17 two Chinese forces marched re- 

 spectively from Niuchuang and Liao- Yang, about 

 14,000 strong, against the intrenched position of 

 the Japanese at Hai-Tcheng. They opened fire 

 with artillery, but Gen. Katsura soon took the 

 offensive ana drove back the Chinese, captur- 

 ing 5 of their guns. Gens. Chang and Tui, the 

 two commanders, were killed in tne battle. On 

 Jan. 22 another attack was made by 12,000 men 

 from Liao- Yang, who were beaten by a Hank 

 movement with heavy losses. Gen. Nodzu ar- 

 ranged the defense in such a manner as to draw 

 th <'hinese, who were led by the Tartar Gen. 

 Chang-Shim, within 650 yards of his line, where 

 they were suddenly attacked in the right flank 

 by a brigade of infantry and three out 

 Gen. Seh advanced on the same day from the 

 port of Niuchuang with 10,000 men and a strong 

 force of artillery to attempt the recapture of 

 Kaiphing. An artillery engagement took place 

 on Jan. 24, which ended in the rout of the < hi 

 nese, who worked their guns well until they 

 were demoralized by the shrapnel bursting 

 among them and killing a great number, while 

 the Japanese gunners suffered little, being un- 

 der cover. 



On Feb. 16 the Chinese, 16,000 strong, un- 

 expectedly attacked the position at Hai- 

 Tcheng, and were beaten by the more accu- 

 rate artillery fire of the Japanese with a 

 loss of over 150 men. On the 21st another 

 attack was made by 12,000 men of all arms on 

 three sides of the Japanese position, but the 

 Chinese were never able to come to close quar- 

 ters owing to the steady and well-directed fire 

 Izu's artillery. On the 24th an at- 

 tempt was made by 7,000 men to surprise the 

 Japanese left, and later in the day an attack 



