Ill 



\KKKIN<;. 



r 



were sunk in the intervening mountain 



U.ih wit)* from 



TW 



, 



and to a cowidcrable I 

 of mm**. wMefc had to I- 

 work Ml oo. The connection between the 

 twuMl MM! U ftooded mine * made by ,1 nil- 

 to* Mlbr fc* for 440 feel, hr..u K 'h 

 ,t nlMiiiil " rr" - - f " 



atrr wuld di*hanp in about 

 (he <*4itntl rat* bein* 8,000 llons 

 fe 



' 



Th- 

 roe* drills were" used, and fmvite was em- 

 plofwl for bbsim*. * t hi* give* comparatively 

 falls smok and to leas violent 



Iprotrd rarrlagr-Roadii. Few persons 

 najias what enormous engineering interests are 

 involved in the improvement of ordinary car- 

 riajr* roads, A report lately issued by the 

 Unked Stales Bureau of Agnculture embodies 

 information collected by the Department of 

 Boad Improvement Returns were received 

 from about 1.200 counties, -howinr; that the 

 average length of haul from the farm to market 

 or railniad i* 12 miles: the average weight of 

 load for i horses, 2,008 pounds; average cost 

 per ton per mile, 85 centa, or $8 for the round 

 trip. The total volume of farm products in the 

 United States is estimated at 2 1 9,821. JJ 7 tons, 

 and at this rate, the aggregate expenditure for 

 road hauling amounts to $650,472.681 per an- 

 num. If the avenue load could be doubled by 

 improving the roadbed the cost of transj>orta- 

 lion would be halved. If 10 \ T cent, of this 

 tsjomoui sum or. in round numbers, $50.000- 

 000 could be devoted annual! v to the improve- 

 ment of roads few would be disposed to ques- 

 tion the wisdom of the exjienditure. The cost 

 of transportation determines the producer's 

 profit, and the prices of farm produce, on which 

 more than on anything else the general pros- 

 peritv of the country rests, is fixed at the .-..m- 



'let,., the,, 



tat ion. While 

 cent a ton 

 Mtry roads 



oft-n fifty times as much then-fore, infe- 

 rior roadways make an enormous and ^.-n. -rally 

 MSJSpuctuil drain uj-.n the resources of the na- 

 tfMk The saae power that hauls 1 ton on an 

 ordinary country road can haul 4 or 5 tons on 

 hard roads, such M are being constructed in 

 manySUi** The introd i cycles has 



batftapowvrful incentive f,, r the in 

 of roa*U Manufacturers of these veh.e 



reasons advocated roadways fa- 

 the use of wheels, and the users 

 of U wheels tlMmselvw naturally advocated 

 ling that would render their favorite recre- 

 wjoyaNe. As they are for the 

 active in public affairs, 

 mail*- iUelf fph in voting 

 tUoos for roads in town meetings and 

 : and now that wheeling has grown to 

 orethan a mere recreation its influ- 

 sje will DC oorrratpondinKly incmuuKl in this 

 ost taporunt department of engineering. 



aaytb 

 atiosi 



High Buildings. Modern construct 

 Uiildings necessitates extn n 

 in the preparation of foundations, and wh 

 is necessary to excavate to a gn-ai <lc|>tli m.-r-i.-r 



to reach bed rock or so-rallr.l hanl|>nn " the 

 ,jn.sti'ii of -x|M'USf iMfomcM v. r\ sorion 



, "f c..iixiriictinii has IMTII iiitrinliici-d 

 recently in New York ly tlx- ll\.li-au!, 

 struction Compuny. \\ith tin- jippi-.-xal . 

 ,en as II. W, I'.riii.-k.-rhoiV. (i. \ l - 

 Nulty. ami .lohn Hopirt. all mrmli ! 



f Civil Kn-iii. . i-. It c..n-1-ts ..f in, 

 tation -ralr -f t h- \vrll-klm\vii 



nf sinking piles or hollow iron column^ \>\ hy- 

 draulic action. In the ciisi- of foundation-, 

 in.n cylind- 



t- made f loil-r iron or some simil.; 

 t.-rinl. They are in sections of a length t-. I.e 

 OOOreoientlj handled and t ntnsj.ortcd on h 

 A shallow excavation i- made in tin- si 

 earth win-re the foundation is to !> laid, and 

 the cylinder is stood on end at the place when- 

 wanted. A set of water pipes passes 

 within the caisson and connects with a 

 rated foot that extends around the cut it. 

 edge. Through these piues and out at t! 

 forations water is forced at a prelim- sull 

 to wash away the earth under the edp- of tin- 

 caisson, which is ordinarily loaded on top with 

 pig iron or kentledge n^tini: on tinders, and. if 

 necessary, an additional w.i-lit i- provided at 

 the sides. As the top of each section i 

 the level of the earth the current is < 

 until the weight can be removed and another 

 section boltexf on. Then the weights ar 

 justed, the current is turned on apiin, and the 

 caisson eats its way downward. The ,,nly do- 

 lay in sinking these caissons to almost any 

 desired depth arises from the necessity of pr<^- 

 viding against a dangerous presume from 

 without. So long as the caisson is tilled with 

 water or with earth pressures arc equa 

 but when these are removed there is dan: 

 collapse. To obviate this timUr frames am 

 inserted when the material is rem.vd from 

 within. These are placed crosswise and tight- 

 ened by means of wedges, an open space being 

 left in the center of the caisson between the 

 timbers, so that .il can be hoisted up l\ : 

 of a small derrick. Some care is requisite in 

 managing the valves that control the i' 



through different sections of the cutting 

 In nler to maintain the caisson in 

 tical po-itioii. In one instance a careles- 

 man |M-rmitted the caisson to sway about 16 



out of iiliimh by the time it reached the 

 rock. It was, however, successfully st ra i ^ i 

 in about ten hours' work, by the help of two 



and the use of water jet- di-< ! 

 t hp.uL'h those sections of the cutting wipe 

 site the jack-. When the caisson i- fina 

 tle<l to its po-ition on the rock, the cont< 

 removed and measures are taken to make the 

 lower edge fit the inequalities of the rod 

 ment ii poured in at the bottom, ami som- 

 on the out-ide. In case of quicksand or of any 

 material that finds its way under tin e<! 

 the caisson, extraordinary rn<a-nn- n, 

 times be necessary: but no difficulties 1, 

 yet been encountered that have not been readily 

 surmounted by the exercise of ordinary ingenu- 



