INDIA. 



in a tyrannical and arbitrary manner. 1 

 upon them as mrm cattle, refusing them thur 

 jurt right*, and in every manner trampling upon 



;,...,. ,,. ,. . , . ' ... - i, Kbopsan 

 adacsjtul persons and not wild beasts; and , 

 desire to enter oar solemn protest U fore the 

 Asserican people againut the unjuM. illegal, ty- 

 HMiatJ, ami arbitrarv manner in which they 

 aft. trvaicd by the said bishop^ 

 strength of the movement is in Chicago. < 

 land ami Buffalo. It should not be confounded 



th Polish National Alliance, which sea. 

 I MM \ .n empire in southern Asia M. 



M Britain, governed under general acts of 

 the British Parliament by a Governor General 

 under instructions from an Kngli.-h Secret 

 Slate for India, who i- a ni.-mU-r <>f the Cabinet, 

 rasponsftie to Parliam.-nt. The Viceroy and 

 Governor General is the Karl of Klgin and Kin- 

 cardine, appointed in October, 1898. The ordi- 

 nary members of the Council of the C.overnor 

 General in the beginning of 1895 were Sir A. E. 

 Miller. Sir Charles B. Pritchard. Lieut.-Gen. 

 Bra< kenbunr, James Westland, and Sir A. P. 

 MacUonneli. The commander in chief of the 

 Bengal troops, Gen. Sir <;. S. White, is an ex- 

 traordinary member, as also is the governor or 

 lieutenant governor of the province where the 

 il sits. The governors of Madras and 

 Bombay, Lord Wenlock and Lord Harris in 

 1895. have each a separate executive and leg- 

 islative Council and civil service. The Vice- 

 roy's Council, assisted by a dozen adjunct mem- 

 bers, half of whom are natives of India, acts as 

 a legislative council for the framing of laws 

 and regulations, to be passed upon later by the 



'. -..-!. r '..;;< ra: r-';l -in :;t-d \Mth hi- approval 



to the British Parliament Henry Fowler was 

 succeeded as Secretary of State for India at the 

 end of June. 1895, by Lord George Hamilton. 

 (For area and population, see "Annual Cyclo- 

 pedia " for 189C) 



Defense. The European army provided for 

 in the estimates for the year ending March 81, 

 1895, consists of 8,477 officers and 70,563 men, 

 comprising 85 general officers in the infantry 

 and cavalry, 29 general officers unemployed, 80 

 officers in the staff corps, -J? officers and men 

 in the invalid establishment, 1,508 officers and 

 en in the infantry, 261 officers and 5,418 

 in the cavalry, 280 officers and 74 men of 

 the royal engineers, and 497 officers and 12,822 

 men of the royal artillery. The native army 

 numbers 145,738 officers and men, making the 

 total active army, European and native, 219,778 

 if all arms. The native army is composed of 

 88 European and 26 native officers and 4,472 

 men in the artillery, 862 European and 627 na- 

 ttf officers and 38,489 men in the cavalry 

 European and 2,045 native officers and 110.642 

 mm in the infantry, and a corps of sappers 

 nd miners consisting of 58 European and 63 

 native officers and 8,845 noncommissioned offi- 

 cer! and privates. Of the European soldiers 

 4M72 re stationed in Bengal, 18,465 in 

 bay, and 14,170 to ItadfasTThere is a volun- 

 tasr corps, composed of European employees 

 nd other residents, the effective strength of 

 which b 24,950 men. The contingent* furnished 

 hfMtije princes and inspected by European 

 officers form an MU force of 19,294 men. 



The nayal force for coast defense' co 



of 2 turret ironclad-, i.f about ;{.(MMI (.in- 

 armed with 4 s-inch pins, a dispatch vessel, 

 2 first-class torpedo gunboats, an.l ; t,,rped<> 



h. .als. 



I i minces, In 1894 the net revenue w. 

 50,828.000 HIH 1 the net ,-\|.ri..lnuiv Kx :. 

 0<)0. The estimates for 1895 were framed to 

 meet a further decline in the value of th ru- 

 pee, which for the preceding year was tak* n 

 as 14*6(2. I \hausted the resour 



taxation, the Gm eminent abandoned militarv 

 works, suspended the famine insnranci- fund. 

 and drew on the provincial revenues. The net 

 revenue was estimated at Kx 50,948,500, an<l t In- 

 net expenditure at Hx 51,245,400. hut i 

 change fell in ' r months of the year 



from I4d. to 12%W. '1'lie Indian Gkywnmenl 

 then ] imposed and the Secretary f<>r 

 lli-nry Fowler, assent cd to putt ing on a 

 5 per cent, on cotton p-.d>. |>r>mi>ii.. 

 as ii ire manufacturers that if it should 

 protective in its operation it would l 

 justed. The railroad receipts sliow.d an im- 

 provement, there was a reduction in the army 

 expenses, and the opium revenue was i 

 increased by levying a higher tax on 

 opium. The tax on petroleum was increased, 

 and a duty was levied on silver imports. The 

 budget estimates for 1805 made tin 

 HIM- Kx '.fJ.o-Jl.lKMi and the t-.tal -xpenditure Kx 



'.PJ.UVMJ.SIMI. Tin it, 'in- of re venue were: Land. Kx 

 25,703,600; opium, Rx 6,398,600 ; sal; 

 200 ; stamps, Kx 4,561,800 ; excise, Rx 5,3 1 

 provincial rates, Rx 3,525,300; custom 

 2,872,900; assessed taxes, Rx 1,740,900; f 

 Rx 1,646,000; registration, Rx 440,000 ; tribute, 

 Rx 775,200; interest, Rx 856,800; post 

 telegraphs, and mint. Kx 2,656,500; civil de- 

 partments, Rx 1,611,700; railways, 1 

 400; irrigation, Rx 2,463,800; build in L 

 roads, Rx 629,200; military depart im-i.- 

 809,700; miscellaneous, Rx 982,700. Kxpendi- 

 ture under the various heads was estimated an 

 follows: Interest, Rx 4,611,400: refund 

 Rx 1,808,200; charges of collection. I; 

 400; post office, telegraphs, and min 1 

 800; civil salaries, Rx n.'..v..-JW: misceli: 

 civil charges, Rx 5,754,000 : famine relief 

 ance, Rx 55,000; railway construction, !,' 

 400; railway revenue account, Rx 22,5".^ 

 irrigation, Rx 2,909,400; buildings and 

 Rx 5,489,100; armv. 

 works, Rx 152.300; total, Rx M.r.lUW. 

 which is deducted Rx 1,184,400 of expenditure 

 from provincial balances. The capital ex: 

 ture on railroads and irrigation won 

 charged against the revenue was < 

 Rx 5,000,000. The additional taxes and . 

 di nary resources that were resorted to ( 

 ed the budget into an estimated snrplu- 

 1.230,000 in spite of the embarrassing 1 

 exchange, which amounted to 27 per cent, of the 

 net revenue. 



In the budget for 1896 the expenses < 

 Chitral expedition (see AFGHANISTAN) had 

 provided for, and extraordinary resource - 

 no longer be drawn npon. The Chitral 

 tion cost Rx 2,860,000 and the expense of 

 cupat ion of Chitral is Rx 200,000 a year, 

 tary expenditure was further increased by rais- 



