MAI>A<;ASC.\K. 



Queen's Government, encouraged by 

 and American < 



ni.l n-fu .nit t.rr</natur* 



thniiigh the French resident. The friction con- 

 tinued after llu- Knirli-h n-ci '.led from their po- 

 rtion in eon*iderat i"ii of 'in- abandonment by 



France "f her riu'lit of joint prod . t i-n <.\,-r /.an- 



Ifainilairivony. the real ruler of the 



Ilova*. tnaili- grants of land and niinii 



forwt n-ht* ft* :.gli-hincn -r Ain.r- 



d all concessions to French ap- 



n u in .Inly. 1*<M. that 



ii.-.-*i..n that is not approved l.y the 



h re-ideut general and registered at the 



! will be .1 null and 



n:iti\-s committed many h>*t : 



gainst tin- French and thr attitude of tin- ll\a 



Government became distinctly unfriendly. Tin- 



i i resident general. ! \ il-rs, 



presented a new fcnaty, defining UM l-'n-n. h | !<- 



'arly. and when the Ilova inin- 

 it he l.-ft tin- capital on 

 *!4. The Fn-n,-h Parliament 

 65,000,000 francs for an expedition of 15,000 

 troops, and the H nnient imported arms 



and pn-pand f<r a new war under the military 

 f r.,1. Charl.- St. I.rp-r Shcrvititoii 

 Hnl other Kn^ r li>h oflicers wlio volunteered to 

 orjrani/- the il-f. 



The area of Madagascar is about 228.500 

 itnuare miles. The population may U :',. 500.000. 

 Tne mo^t numerous tribes arc the Sakalavas and 

 the llovas. The Kren-h formerly protected the 

 former in tlieir rei>tan<-e to the Hnvas. wlm 

 have e\- r -i- -d dominion over the other inhabit- 

 ants for two hundred and fifty years Tin- llovas 

 nmntMrin? alxmt 1 ,700.000. are a mixed race of 

 Malay oriirin. with ^nnc Polynesian character- 

 urtica. Antananarivo, the capital, has ai--ut 

 128,000 inhabitants. There are some foreign 

 planters and tniders in the coast di-tricts, mostly 

 - from Mauritius and Reunion. In Tama- 

 tave, the chief port, in 1H94 the white popula- 

 ' :;.-:-. ! f 'J'M i l-'n-neh and about an eijiial 

 numU-r of British, (i. nnans, Americans, and 

 Italians. 



< Government derives it- revenue from eu-- 

 toms and a poll tax. The French (Government 

 has a lion on the customs, securing a loan of 

 15.000.000 francs mad.- after th- 

 i 1890 were val 

 francs. .f which S.T'J.'i.THO f , for textile 



ii.-tlv American cotton make 



the white roW worn by the Hovas. The value 

 of the exports, consisting of rubber, hides, wax, 

 cattle, gunu, silk, and rafia fiber, was 3.7 1 1 ,800 

 franca, 



The Frrnrh Expedition. A Mat. of hoMil 

 Hkm wa formally announred by the 1 

 Government on Nov. 1:1. IH;M. in a proolamatkni 

 rwiting violations of treaties by the Hovas and 

 affirming the French protectorate. Tli- 

 mbM in the market place at Antananarivo. 

 and cwore to flght for their indi-p-iidence to the 

 d-th. The French renitl. 

 Uvo. whom ihp Fn-nch troop*, of whom there 



n the inland alnnit 1.(KK). ^rengthefied the 



fnrtificatinnn. The HOVR.H threw up earthworks 

 lrhind TamatAve. hut whenever the v appr 

 the town they wr-re shelled by the rVneh ships 

 in the harbor. They surrounded in like manner 



' he I-': 1 from 



their stronghold at Ainbahimarina inl-rceptoii 

 all roiiiniiiiiicalioii and trade, (in .Jan. Ill ('apt. 

 i. :n . .1;. lured the llo\a portion at A 

 tananikarana. uhen I -H^K 



arms. On .Ian. 'J 1 the French art ill' 

 play upon the ||o\a posit ion* art 'l 'I >' 

 The li^htini: lasted four da\s. at the . 

 which the : pelljK 



i from the neigfaboroood. 



i.|\ \\a- held ; 

 J(>' The Qtteen adilresM-: 



100.000 men of the military class, pr mi 

 prosecute the war to tl- while the? 



pledged tl the fall.. 



he should send them. The chief* 

 that they would provide fund* to carry 

 on th< if they hail to sell their wive* 



and children into slavery. The \eti 



la*t war were sent to the front, ai 

 new le\iY* \\eiit into training at Anlana; 

 Some white ad\entir nlisted in Natal 



and Cape Colony to fi^ht for the I! 

 eral French traders and planter*, and ne who 

 I5riti*h subject, were killed by the II va>. 



In one of the battles the Ilova 

 in chief. (!en. Kainandriamampandry. waskilHI 

 Marly in April the Ilova s-trate^ic po*iij. 

 the ( ; oa*t near Tania- 



the middle of April the town of Aml>odivohive 

 was captured without the lo-* of a 1 

 dier. The French ollieial* coll. cie.i 

 duty of H> per cent, on all ir "ds Ian.; 

 only at Tamatave. but at <>tl *^H| 



were paid by the F.uropean merchant* 

 understanding that the p<rls would not I.. U. ek- 

 aded. After three Knglishmen who had bflJM 

 expelled from Tamatave landed at \ :ti< >inanAM 

 and proceeded to the capital, the Fi 

 vigilant watch on Knglish shij i 



The French, on Jan. 1', 



p. rt .f Majunga. on the w n the coun- 



try of the Sakalavas. and prepared it for the re- 

 ception of the expedition that was to * 

 thence against the Ilova capital. The Ilova? 

 gradually withdrew their fn->< from the eastern 

 and southern parts of the island toward t 

 ter in order to make ready to r< *i*t the advance 

 of the French into Imeriiia. their own country. 

 Notwithstanding the bold and eloquent ^peeflfll 

 of defiance, the Ib-va* were not generally willing 

 othe war. Besides the F.nglMi instructor 



a number <-f native .fli. . 

 \ed a military education in Frai 

 ehecl H an .ld law \\a* n \iv.d. Wifl 



condemns any deserter to be burned at the slake 

 The regular army consisted of six brigades, eacl 

 numbeiin- 'J.(K0 soldier*, all annel with Hem- 

 inirton or Snider rifl< *. b-*iles auxiliary force*; 

 rai-.-d among the other trib, s. Ki.Odn 

 equipped with spears and shields. Th- 



ised to 80.000 nn n n-::dy for tin 

 field, and 20.0(10 new levies rel; arrism 



at Aritananarr 



The French expeditionary force, which b^B 

 i.ark at Lyons in the beginning of April 

 Itedofa mixed regiment of the Frond 



: marine infant ry. 2 Sfl^Hj 

 f mounted cha-- MI-. 1 Algerian regimttl 

 naves and tirailleurs. '.' battali 

 tirailleurs, 1 of French tirailleur-, bat teri 



