136 OF THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING. [PAGES 



end of it was sharp ; the other end, which was flat, was used for 

 erasing what had been written. So * to turn the style ' meant in 

 Latin ' to erase.' 



1. 12. with that sting, with such bitterness. 



1. 14. despite, spite. Alexander showed by this answer that 

 he too could ' take a matter both ways.' He thought that Callis- 

 thenes could find nothing to say against the Macedonians : when 

 he found that he could, he accounted for it by saying ' that spite 

 gave him eloquence.' 



1. 15. tropes, figures. 



1. 16. translation, this word is the exact Latin equivalent of 

 the Greek word ' metaphor.' Both words mean a ' transference.' 

 A metaphor is ' a transference ' of a word from its original to a 

 figurative sense. ' A translation,' in the sense in which we 

 ordinarily use the word, is ' a transference ' of meaning from one 

 language to another, taxed, censured. Cf. untaxed, p. 51, 1. 29. 



1. 19. that he did not, in not degenerating. 



1. 22. is all purple within, is full of proud thoughts. Purple, 

 in the East, was the colour of the Imperial robes. We still talk 

 of a member of a Royal family as ' born in the purple.' Antipater 

 was not praised for keeping to the Macedonian dress, but gener 

 ally for the severity of his way of life. Bacon was probably mis 

 led by Erasmus, who took the story from Plutarch without 

 understanding it. Alexander compared Antipater to a white- 

 striped garment, which on the inside, the stripe being an external 

 appendage, showed no trace of white, but was purple throughout. 

 Erasmus confounded the name of the garment with the Greek 

 word for white, and apparently supposed the remark to refer to 

 Antipater's dress. E. 



1. 23. Arbela, a city near the Tigris, near which Alexander 

 defeated the Persian King Darius, B.C. 330. 



1. 26. as it had been, like. Owing to the number of camp-fires 

 they appeared as it were a second starry firmament. 



1. 30. embraced, assented to. 



1. 34. their crown, i.e., their office. Some men love a king as 

 a personal friend ; others love the institution of monarchy, 

 though they have no personal regard for the reigning king. 



1. 36. taxation, censure. The point of Alexander's reply is, 

 that conduct, which may be perfectly becoming in a subject, 

 may be beneath the dignity of a king. 



Page 57, 1. 2. model, measure. 



1. 9. hope, the story is told inaccurately. When Alexander 

 was asked what he kept for himself, he replied not " hope," but 

 "what I hope for," i.e., all the wealth which I expect to get by 

 my conquests. E. 



