72 BIOLOGY AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES 



This means that it is given in relation to past, 

 future, and co-existent states of consciousness 

 which are indissolubly united with one another. 

 Moreover, each distinguishable element in 

 experience bears with it its relation to the 

 others in a certain order. Were there no such 

 definite relations of sequence and spatial in 

 terconnection there could be no perception 

 or experience at all : the ' hereness ' and 

 ' newness ' of each element in experience 

 would be impossible. Hence spatial and 

 temporal relations, causal sequence, substan 

 tiality, and the other general ideas by the 

 existence of which our experience is ordered, 

 are all given to us in the simplest elements 

 of experience. The supposed possibility of 

 analysing our perceptions into elements con 

 sisting of ' simple ' unrelated sensations or 

 * states of consciousness,' is an illusion. There 

 are no such things as unrelated sensations. 



Now this, of course, does not imply that 

 the whole visible universe is given to us as 

 an intelligibly connected system as soon as we 

 open our eyes. It does mean, however, that 

 from the beginning the outlines of such a 

 system are present, however dim and indefinite 



