22 MOKALS AND MOEAL SENTIMENTS. 



discovered that particular acts of his bring on this anger, 

 he cannot subsequently think of committing one of these 

 acts without thinking of the resulting anger, and feeling 

 more or less of the resulting dread. He has no thought 

 of the utility or inutility of the act itself; the deterrent is 

 the mainly vague, but partially definite, fear of evil that 

 may follow. So understood, the deterring emotion is 

 one that has grown out of experiences of utility, using that 

 word in its ethical sense ; and if we ask why this dreaded 

 anger is called forth from others, we shall habitually find 

 that it is because the forbidden act entails pain some 

 where is negatived by utility. On passing from the 

 domestic injunctions to the injunctions current in the 

 tribe, we see no less clearly how these emotions produced 

 by approbation and reprobation come to be connected in 

 experience with actions that are beneficial to the tribe, 

 and actions that are detrimental to the tribe ; and how 

 there consequently grow up incentives to the one class of 

 actions and prejudices against the other class. From early 

 boyhood the young savage hears recounted the daring 

 deeds of his chief hears them in words of praise, and sees 

 all faces glowing with admiration. From time to time 

 also he listens while some one s cowardice is described 

 in tones of scorn, and with contemptuous metaphors, and 

 sees him meet with derision and insult whenever he 

 appears. That is to say, one of the things that conies to 

 be strongly associated in his mind with smiling faces, 

 which are symbolical of pleasures in general, is courage ; 

 and one of the things that comes to be associated in his 

 mind with frowns and other marks of enmity, which form 

 his symbol of unhappiness, is cowardice. These feelings 

 are not formed in him because he has reasoned his way 

 to the truth that courage is useful to the tribe, and, by 

 implication, to himself, or to the truth that cowardice is a 



