108 EEPLIES TO CRITICISMS. 



extrinsic activities. Restricting itself to one of these aggre 

 gates, which admits of close examination, Geology (using 

 this word in its comprehensive meaning) gives an account of 

 terrestrial actions and terrestrial structures, past and present ; 

 and, taking for its narrower problems local formations and 

 the agencies to which they are due, takes for its larger 

 problems the serial transformations undergone by the entire 

 Earth. The geologist being occupied with this cosmically 

 small, but otherwise vast, aggregate, the biologist occupies 

 himself with small aggregates formed out of parts of the 

 Earth s superficial substance, and treats each of these as a 

 coordinated whole in its structures and functions ; or, when 

 he treats of any particular organ, considers this as a whole 

 made up of parts held in a sub-coordination that refers to 

 the coordination of the entire organism. To the psycholo 

 gist he leaves those specialized aggregates of functions which 

 adjust the actions of organisms to the complex activities 

 surrounding them : doing this, not simply because they are a 

 stage higher in speciality, but because they are the counter 

 parts of those aggregated states of consciousness dealt with 

 by the science of Subjective Psychology, which stands 

 entirely apart from all other sciences. Finally, the sociolo 

 gist considers each tribe and nation as an aggregate pre 

 senting multitudinous phenomena, simultaneous and suc 

 cessive, that are held together as parts of one combination. 

 Thus, in every case, a concrete science deals with a real 

 aggregate (or a plurality of such aggregates) ; and it in 

 cludes as its subject-matter whatever is to be known of this 

 aggregate in respect of its size, shape, motions, density, 

 texture, general arrangement of parts, minute structure, 

 chemical composition, temperature, etc., together with all 

 the multitudinous changes, material and dynamical, gone 

 through by it from the time it begins to exist as an aggre 

 gate to the time it ceases to exist as an aggregate. 



No abstract- concrete science makes the remotest attempt 



